Table 2.
Prevalence ratio (95% confidence intervals) of calcified atherolsclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries according to coffee consumption in 1929 participants in the NHLBI Family Heart Study.
| Frequency of coffee consumption | CAC prevalence (%) | Crude | Model 1a | Model 2b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almost never | 16.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <1 cup/day | 21.4 | 1.34 (0.92–1.94) | 1.03 (0.67–1.58) | 0.92 (0.57–1.49) |
| 1 cup/day | 33.5 | 2.48 (1.81–3.40) | 1.32 (0.89–1.94) | 1.34 (0.86–2.08) |
| 2–3 cups/day | 33.2 | 2.45 (1.82–3.30) | 1.53 (1.07–2.18) | 1.30 (0.84–2.02) |
| ≥4 cups/day | 26.9 | 1.81 (1.29–2.56) | 1.21 (0.77–1.90) | 0.99 (0.60–1.64) |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | 0.17 | 0.44 |
Abbreviations: CAC, coronary artery calcium; NHLBI, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
a
Model 1 is adjusted for age and smoking.
b
Model 2 is adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, field center, and total calories.