Table 1.
Adverse and beneficial effects of marine-derived n-3 PUFA and curcumin in animal and clinical studies.
| Bioactive compound | Daily dose (n, duration of feeding)-mouse | Treatment | Amount of bioactive found in colon | Adverse biological effect | Human Equivalent Dose | Reference (PMID number) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n-3 PUFA+ curcumin | 46 mg n-3 PUFA and 90 mg curcumin (n=15, 3 wks) | 5 days of 2.5 % DSS followed by 16 days recovery period+3 days of 1.5 % DSS followed by a 14 days recovery period | N.A. | n-3 PUFA±curcumin increase DSS-induced injury score | 8.6 g n-3 PUFA and 17 g curcumin | 21401974 |
| n-3 PUFA | Approximately ~80 mg (n=20–30, 5 wks) | SMAD3 / mice | N.A. | Increased colon inflammation by increasing numbers of local neutrophils and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the colon | 8.6 g n-3 PUFA | 26297475 |
| Bioactive compound | Daily dose (n, duration of feeding)-mouse | Treatment | Amount of bioactive found in colon | Beneficial biological effect | Human Equivalent Dose | Reference (PMID number) |
| n-3 PUFA+ curcumin | 46 mg n-3 PUFA and 45 mg curcumin (n=7–8, 3 wks) | Azoxymethane (AOM) | 29–64 ug/g crypt wet weight | Remove DNA damaged Lgr5 stem cells and reduce nuclear β-catenin in ACF | 8.6 g n-3 PUFA and 8.5 g curcumin | 27831561 |
| 1-4 ug/g crypt wet weight | ||||||
| n-3 PUFA | 130 mg n-3 PUFA (n=22–25, 15 wks) | One week after the AOM injection, mice were exposed to 3 cycles of 1% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 4 days followed by 17 days of recovery | N.A. | fish oil fed animals developed fewer tumors | 24.7 g n-3 PUFA | 22761867 |
| Bioactive compound | Treatment dose (in vivo/ex vivo, time) | Treatment | Amount of bioactive found in colon | Beneficial biological effect | Reference (PMID number) | |
| Curcumin | 5–20 uM (ex vivo, 0.5–24 h) | Inflammatory disease: Inflammatory bowel disease | N.A. | Suppressed p38 MAPK activation, reduced IL-1beta, and enhanced IL-10 levels in mucosal biopsies; suppressed MMP-3 in colonic myofibroblasts | Not appliable | 19878610 |
| Bioactive compound | Daily dose (n, duration of treatment)-Human | Patient type | Amount of bioactive found in tissue or plasma | Beneficial biological effect | Mouse Equivalent Dose | Reference (PMID number) |
| Curcumin | 4 g (n=5, 3 months) | bladder cancer, oral leucoplakia, patiesnts with intestinal metaplasia of the stomach, CIN or Bowen's disease | 0.51 uM in serum | Histologic improvement in 28% patients with various high-risk and pre-malignant lesions. No treatment-related toxicity up to 8 g/day | 21.2 mg curcumin | 11712783 |
| 6 g (n=4, 3 months) | 0.63 uM in serum | 31.8 mg curcumin | ||||
| 8 g (n=2, 3 months) | 1.77 uM in serum | 42.4 mg curcumin | ||||
| 2 g (n=22, 1 month) | Phase II colon cancer | not detactable in serum, 8.2 ug/g protein in rectal mucosa | no effect on ACF reduction | 10.6 mg curcumin | 21372035 | |
| 4 g (n=19, 1 month) | 0.01 nM in serum, 3.8 ug/g protein in rectal mucosa | 40% reduction in ACF number in smokers | 21.2 mg curcumin | |||
| EPA | 2 g (n=55, 6 months) | Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) | Significant increase in rectal mucosal EPA (2.6–fold) and DPA (1.8-fold) content after EPA treatment compared with placebo. No significant change in mucosal AA and DHA content. | 22.4% reduction in polyp number | 10.6 mg n-3 PUFA | 20348368 |
| LOVAZA | 3.36 g (n=180, 6months) | Acute myocardial infarction | N.A. | Reduction of adverse left ventricular remodeling, noninfarct myocardial fibrosis, and serum biomarkers of systemic inflammation | 17.8 mg n-3 PUFA | 27482002 |
| LOVAZA | 17.6 g (n=12, 3 wks) | Healthy volunteers administered LPS | Lipid ratios of EPA and DHA in red blood cells (RBC) membranes is increased whereas, AA is decreased by n-3 PUFA supplementation | Anti-inflammatory actions in vivo remains speculative | 93.3 mg n-3 PUFA | 26180051 |
*
N.A., not available / did not measure