Table 1.
Characteristics of diabetic patients divided according to development or progression of retinopathy during follow-up.
| Characteristics | All patients (n = 544) | Patients with development/ progression of retinopathy (n = 156) | Patients without development/progression of retinopathy (n = 388) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.2 (9.5) | 59.4 (9.0) | 60.5 (9.6) | 0.21 |
| Male gender (%) | 37.1 | 32.7 | 38.9 | 0.20 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 (5.3) | 29.6 (4.6) | 29.8 (5.6) | 0.80 |
| Smoking, current/past (%) | 45.2 | 45.5 | 45.1 | 0.99 |
| Physical activity (%) | 24.1 | 27.6 | 22.7 | 0.27 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 7 (3–15) | 11 (7–18) | 5 (2–11) | <0.001 |
| Chronic diabetic complications (%) | ||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 8.3 | 10.3 | 7.5 | 0.30 |
| Coronary artery disease | 14.7 | 13.5 | 15.2 | 0.69 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 15.5 | 17.9 | 14.5 | 0.36 |
| Retinopathy | 26.5 | 50.6 | 16.8 | <0.001 |
| Nephropathy | 28.8 | 43.6 | 22.9 | <0.001 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 27.0 | 39.7 | 21.9 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular autonomicneuropathy | 22.2 | 24.4 | 21.2 | 0.45 |
| Diabetes treatment (%) | ||||
| Metformin | 88.1 | 87.8 | 88.1 | 0.99 |
| Sulfonylureas | 45.8 | 42.3 | 47.2 | 0.34 |
| Insulin | 46.1 | 67.3 | 37.6 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 86.6 | 91.0 | 84.8 | 0.070 |
| Statins use (%) | 76.3 | 81.4 | 74.2 | 0.094 |
| Arterial hypertension (%) | 85.5 | 87.8 | 84.5 | 0.35 |
| Number of anti-hypertensive drugs | 3 (1–3) | 3 (1–3) | 3 (1–3) | 0.87 |
| ACE inhibitors/AR blockers (%) | 92.4 | 92.3 | 92.5 | 0.99 |
| Diuretics (%) | 66.1 | 65.8 | 66.2 | 0.99 |
| Calcium channel blockers (%) | 28.4 | 31.6 | 31.0 | 0.92 |
| Beta-blockers (%) | 48.7 | 43.9 | 50.8 | 0.15 |
| Clinic blood pressures (mmHg) | ||||
| Baseline SBP | 146 (24) | 147 (23) | 146 (24) | 0.44 |
| Baseline DBP | 84 (13) | 85 (14) | 84 (13) | 0.45 |
| Mean first-year SBP | 140 (19) | 141 (20) | 139 (19) | 0.18 |
| Mean first-year DBP | 79 (11) | 80 (10) | 78 (11) | 0.12 |
| Mean second-year SBP | 140 (18) | 142 (19) | 139 (18) | 0.033 |
| Mean second-year DBP | 78 (11) | 79 (10) | 77 (11) | 0.025 |
| Mean cumulative SBP | 139 (16) | 142 (16) | 138 (16) | 0.005 |
| Mean cumulative DBP | 77 (9) | 79 (10) | 77 (9) | 0.001 |
| Ambulatory blood pressures (mmHg) | ||||
| 24-hour SBP | 128 (15) | 131 (16) | 127 (14) | 0.003 |
| 24-hour DBP | 74 (10) | 75 (11) | 73 (9) | 0.023 |
| Daytime SBP | 130 (15) | 132 (16) | 129 (14) | 0.017 |
| Daytime DBP | 75 (10) | 77 (12) | 74 (9) | 0.029 |
| Nighttime SBP | 120 (18) | 124 (20) | 118 (16) | 0.001 |
| Nighttime DBP | 68 (11) | 70 (11) | 67 (10) | 0.002 |
| Nocturnal SBP fall (%) | 9.7 (11.4) | 7.9 (12.6) | 10.5 (10.7) | 0.029 |
| Normal SBP dipping pattern (%) | 56.1 | 52.3 | 57.7 | 0.29 |
| Nocturnal DBP fall (%) | 9.0 (9.6) | 7.8 (9.8) | 9.5 (9.5) | 0.062 |
| Normal DBP dipping pattern (%) | 47.0 | 41.9 | 49.2 | 0.15 |
| Laboratory variables | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 8.9 (3.7) | 9.6 (4.5) | 8.6 (3.3) | 0.011 |
| Baseline HbA1c (%) | 8.0 (1.9) | 8.7 (2.0) | 7.7 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Mean first-year HbA1c (%) | 7.6 (1.5) | 8.2 (1.7) | 7.4 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Mean second-year HbA1c (%) | 7.7 (1.5) | 8.5 (1.7) | 7.4 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Mean cumulative HbA1c (%) | 7.7 (1.3) | 8.3 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 1.6 (1.1–2.6) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 0.80 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.09 (0.30) | 1.09 (0.32) | 1.09 (0.29) | 0.91 |
| Baseline LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.02 (0.99) | 3.14 (1.04) | 2.97 (0.96) | 0.063 |
| Mean first-year LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.79 (0.85) | 2.97 (0.89) | 2.72 (0.82) | 0.002 |
| Mean second-year LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.66 (0.79) | 2.80 (0.80) | 2.60 (0.78) | 0.007 |
| Mean cumulative LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.62 (0.69) | 2.77 (0.70) | 2.56 (0.68) | 0.001 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 90 (28) | 88 (27) | 92 (31) | 0.16 |
| Albuminuria (mg/24 h) | 13 (7–38) | 18 (8–84) | 11 (6–23) | <0.001 |
| Aortic stiffness (cf-PWV, m/s) | 9.2 (2.0) | 9.7 (1.8) | 9.1 (2.1) | 0.010 |
| Increased aortic stiffness (cf-PWV>10 m/s, %) | 21.4 | 27.8 | 18.7 | 0.025 |
Values are proportions, and means (standard deviations) or medians (interquartile range). Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AR, angiotensin II receptor; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; cf-PWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.