Table 3.
Predictive value of several clinic and ambulatory blood pressure parameters measured at different time-intervals during follow-up for future development and/or progression of diabetic retinopathy (composite and separate endpoints).
| Blood pressure parameters | Composite endpoint: retinopathy development/progression (n = 544 patients, 156 endpoints) | Separate endpoint: retinopathy progression(n = 144 patients, 79 endpoints) | Separate endpoint: retinopathy development (n = 400 patients, 77 endpoints) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Systolic blood pressures (1-SD increment) | |||||||||
| Baseline clinic | 0.92 | 0.78, 1.09 | 0.32 | 0.83 | 0.65, 1.07 | 0.16 | 1.02 | 0.80, 1.28 | 0.90 |
| Mean first-year clinic | 0.96 | 0.81, 1.14 | 0.64 | 0.87 | 0.69, 1.14 | 0.35 | 1.01 | 0.79, 1.30 | 0.92 |
| Mean second-year clinic | 1.17 | 0.99, 1.38 | 0.070 | 1.13 | 0.87, 1.46 | 0.35 | 1.20 | 0.96, 1.50 | 0.11 |
| Mean cumulative clinic | 1.11 | 0.94, 1.31 | 0.21 | 1.02 | 0.79, 1.33 | 0.87 | 1.20 | 0.96, 1.48 | 0.10 |
| Ambulatory 24-h | 1.19 | 1.01, 1.40 | 0.037 | 0.98 | 0.73, 1.31 | 0.88 | 1.27 | 1.05, 1.54 | 0.013 |
| Ambulatory daytime | 1.16 | 0.99, 1.36 | 0.073 | 0.94 | 0.71, 1.24 | 0.67 | 1.27 | 1.04, 1.53 | 0.017 |
| Ambulatory nighttime | 1.22 | 1.04, 1.43 | 0.015 | 1.10 | 0.84, 1.45 | 0.48 | 1.28 | 1.05, 1.55 | 0.016 |
| Nocturnal fall | 0.90 | 0.78, 1.05 | 0.18 | 0.85 | 0.69, 1.06 | 0.15 | 0.94 | 0.76, 1.17 | 0.60 |
| Diastolic blood pressures (1-SD increment) | |||||||||
| Baseline clinic | 1.01 | 0.86, 1.18 | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.70, 1.16 | 0.41 | 1.07 | 0.86, 1.32 | 0.57 |
| Mean first-year clinic | 1.14 | 0.95, 1.37 | 0.15 | 0.96 | 0.70, 1.32 | 0.81 | 1.25 | 1.00, 1.56 | 0.050 |
| Mean second-year clinic | 1.27 | 1.06, 1.51 | 0.010 | 1.23 | 0.93, 1.62 | 0.15 | 1.28 | 1.01, 1.63 | 0.039 |
| Mean cumulative clinic | 1.36 | 1.14, 1.61 | 0.001 | 1.13 | 0.86, 1.50 | 0.38 | 1.53 | 1.24, 1.90 | <0.001 |
| Ambulatory 24-h | 1.22 | 1.03, 1.46 | 0.024 | 0.98 | 0.74, 1.30 | 0.89 | 1.37 | 1.10, 1.71 | 0.005 |
| Ambulatory daytime | 1.24 | 1.05, 1.48 | 0.012 | 0.97 | 0.74, 1.27 | 0.84 | 1.41 | 1.15, 1.75 | 0.001 |
| Ambulatory nighttime | 1.27 | 1.07, 1.51 | 0.008 | 1.11 | 0.83, 1.47 | 0.48 | 1.35 | 1.09, 1.69 | 0.006 |
| Nocturnal fall | 0.93 | 0.79, 1.10 | 0.42 | 0.85 | 0.66, 1.09 | 0.20 | 0.99 | 0.79, 1.26 | 0.96 |
Models were adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, presence of retinopathy (for analyses of the composite development/progression of retinopathy), nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy at baseline, and their respective HbA1c and LDL-cholesterol levels.
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation.