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. 2017 Jul 7;7:4845. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04936-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Forced maintenance of hth and tsh expression results in overgrowth and differentiation arrest. Late third instar (L3) eye discs (A–D) and adult heads (A’–D’ and A”–D”) from control (optix > GFP) and hth- (optix > hth), tsh- (optix > tsh) or hth + tsh- (optix > hth + tsh) expressing animals. The GFP expression driven by optix > (optix2/3-GAL4; UAS-GFP) is shown in the inset in (A). Discs are stained with anti-Eya and anti-Hth. Anterior is left, dorsal is up (this orientation will be maintained throughout). (A’–D’) Lateral views of adult heads of the same genotypes as above. (A”–D”) SEM images of lateral views of adult heads of the corresponding genotypes. Overexpression of hth (optix > hth) results in a reduced eye disc area and smaller adult eye (B,B”). tsh-overexpressing flies (optix > tsh) show almost normal discs and retinal morphology (C–C”). However, overexpression of hth and tsh (optix > hth + tsh), results in overgrown eye discs showing abnormal folds. Adult heads develop a small retinal patch and an overgrowth of indistinct cuticle (D,D”).