Table 1.
DISTRIBUTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL- AND CENSUS-TRACT LEVEL CHARACTERISTICS AMONG 172 AFRICAN AMERICAN ADULTS RELOCATED FROM SEVEN PUBLIC HOUSING COMPLEXES IN ATLANTA, GEORGIA ACROSS 7 WAVES OF FOLLOW-UPa
| Characteristics of participants and census tracts | Wave 1 n (%) or Mean (SD) N = 171b |
Wave 2 n (%) or Mean (SD) N = 163 |
Wave 3 n (%) or Mean (SD) N = 160 |
Wave 4 n (%) or Mean (SD) N = 156 |
Wave 5 n (%) or Mean (SD) N = 158 |
Wave 6 n (%) or Mean (SD) N = 154 |
Wave 7 n (%) or Mean (SD) N = 149 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmet need for medical care | 42 (25.00) | 34 (21.79) | 27 (18.00) | 32 (21.48) | 19 (13.01) | 19 (12.58) | 18 (12.33) |
| Census tract level | |||||||
| Enabling characteristics | |||||||
| Socioeconomic disadvantage componentc | 0.97 (0.66) | −0.23 (0.92) | −0.26 (0.93) | −0.19 (0.96) | −0.20 (0.97) | −0.10 (0.98) | −0.10 (0.92) |
| Percent poverty | 46.03 (9.53) | 30.24 (11.85) | 30.17 (12.03) | 31.77 (12.78) | 30.88 (12.66) | 32.69 (13.72) | 32.78 (12.66) |
| Percent unemployment | 21.60 (5.51) | 17.01 (7.83) | 16.68 (7.56) | 18.12 (7.79) | 18.01 (7.80) | 19.61 (8.35) | 19.57 (7.93) |
| Percent residents >25 with less than high school education | 39.04 (10.38) | 19.10 (8.56) | 19.20 (8.76) | 18.42 (8.26) | 18.26 (8.01) | 17.97 (7.71) | 18.44 (7.86) |
| Median household income | 15,831.93 (4,472.43) | 33,476.02 (15,788.31) | 33,735.55 (15,928.69) | 33,530.83 (17094.31) | 34,408.44 (16,516.81) | 33,868.15 (16,616.57) | 33337.14 (16207.40) |
| Percent residents who are Non-Hispanic Black | 81.33 (17.48) | 74.01 (28.01) | 72.24 (28.72) | 73.79 (27.51) | 71.80 (29.66) | 73.26 (29.14) | 75.52 (27.35) |
| Violent crime rate (per 1,000) | 35.59 (15.78) | 20.73 (14.68) | 20.95 (14.44) | 20.71 (14.84) | 21.35 (15.14) | 21.38 (14.34) | 20.55 (13.59) |
| Percent employed Black workers 16+ with access to vehicle | 81.02 (9.17) | 84.63 (10.34) | 84.22 (11.45) | 84.44 (11.07) | 84.99 (11.54) | 85.07 (10.81) | 85.76 (10.49) |
| Percent employed Black workers 16+ without access to a vehicle who take public transport to work | 12.69 (7.75) | 10.04 (8.54) | 10.40 (9.44) | 9.65 (9.19) | 9.54 (9.43) | 9.36 (8.50) | 8.78 (8.36) |
| Percent employed workers 16+ with access to a vehicle or public transport | 93.71 (4.67) | 94.67 (4.41) | 94.62 (4.80) | 94.09 (4.52) | 94.53 (4.28) | 94.43 (4.62) | 94.55 (4.55) |
| Individual-level | |||||||
| Enabling characteristics | |||||||
| Frequency of barriers to transportationd | 3.14 (2.69) | 2.33 (2.62) | 1.71 (2.11) | 1.85 (2.22) | 1.76 (2.32) | 1.21 (1.97) | 1.64 (2.29) |
| Transportation time in minutes to usual source of care | 36.44 (23.78) | 38.82 (26.71) | 36.98 (27.48) | 39.71 (28.44) | 40.50 (32.91) | 35.95 (27.02) | 33.92 (26.30) |
| Transportation cost in dollars to usual source of care | 2.11 (2.56) | 12.21 (63.17) | 6.14 (37.52) | 9.37 (79.39) | 10.08 (74.77) | 2.57 (4.51) | 9.33 (70.86) |
| Transportation mode to usual source of care | |||||||
| Public transport | 105 (62.87) | 101 (65.58) | 77 (54.61) | 89 (60.96) | 82 (58.57) | 86 (60.14) | 66 (50.77) |
| Drive self or walk | 38 (22.75) | 32 (20.78) | 33 (23.40) | 29 (19.86) | 28 (20.00) | 31 (21.68) | 37 (28.46) |
| Someone else drives | 16 (9.58) | 7 (4.55) | 18 (12.77) | 16 (10.96) | 13 (9.29) | 16 (11.19) | 14 (10.77) |
| Taxi, ambulance, or other transport | 8 (4.79) | 14 (9.09) | 13 (9.22) | 12 (8.22) | 17 (12.14) | 10 (6.99) | 13 (10.00) |
| Perceived community violencee | 2.73 (2.20) | 0.61 (1.11) | 0.67 (1.22) | 0.58 (1.00) | 0.76 (1.28) | 0.88 (1.39) | 0.82 (1.45) |
| Proportion of social network providing support | 0.71 (0.26) | 0.67 (0.29) | 0.66 (0.32) | 0.62 (0.31) | 0.61 (0.32) | 0.62 (0.31) | 0.60 (0.31) |
| Lifetime experience of discrimination related to medical care | 28 (16.67) | 10 (6.33) | 9 (5.73) | 6 (3.97) | 9 (5.84) | 8 (5.30) | 1 (0.67) |
| Health insurance (Medicaid, Medicare, Private Insurance, Other) | 92 (59.74) | 115 (72.33) | 108 (68.79) | 105 (69.08) | 109 (70.78) | 111 (73.51) | 110 (72.85) |
| Predisposing Characteristics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 42.92 (13.96) | 43.91 (13.87) | 45.10 (13.98) | 46.24 (13.79) | 46.53 (13.79) | 46.91 (13.75) | 47.28 (13.82) |
| Married or living as married | 16 (9.47) | 14 (11.11) | 14 (8.92) | 13 (7.56) | 17 (11.04) | 15 (9.93) | 14 (9.27) |
| Employed (part, full, self-employed) | 19 (10.98) | 20 (12.50) | 30 (19.11) | 24 (15.89) | 30 (19.74) | 23 (15.23) | 30 (19.87) |
| Less than high school education | 65 (38.46) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Homeless | 0 (0) | 7 (4.57) | 7 (4.67) | 3 (2.11) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.07) | 8 (5.88) |
| Months in the neighborhood | 111.80 (115.12) | 14.38 (44.39) | 65.67 (131.84) | 51.35 (107.06) | 49.85 (92.21) | 69.17 (106.71) | 58.11 (87.03) |
| Need | |||||||
| Self-rated healthf | 1.85 (1.01) | 1.86 (1.04) | 1.71 (1.08) | 1.95 (1.04) | 1.80 (1.12) | 1.74 (1.09) | 1.87 (1.07) |
| HIV-infectedg | 15 (8.88) | 16 (10.06) | 15 (9.55) | 17 (11.11) | 18 (11.61) | 16 (10.60) | 17 (11.26) |
| Effect Modifiers | |||||||
| Genderh | |||||||
| Woman | 96 (56.47) | 93 (58.13) | 90 (57.32) | 87 (56.86) | 88 (56.77) | 86 (56.95) | 87 (57.62) |
| Man | 74 (43.53) | 67 (41.88) | 67 (42.68) | 66 (43.14) | 67 (43.23) | 65 (43.05) | 64 (42.38) |
| Substance (drug or alcohol) dependenti | 33 (19.53) | 11 (6.88) | 18 (11.46) | 11 (7.19) | 10 (6.45) | 9 (5.96) | 11 (7.28) |
Variables capture behaviors/conditions in the previous 6 months unless otherwise noted.
172 participants were enrolled, however, baseline data were lost for one participant.
Includes median household income, percent poverty, percent residents >25 with less than high school education, percent unemployed, violent crime rate, and percent of residents who are non-Hispanic Black.
Self-reported frequency of transportation causing problems ranged from 0 to 8 where 0 represents no transportation problems and 8 represents almost daily transportation problems.
Perceived violence average of 5-items with 5 point likert scale, mean scores range from 0 to 5 with higher scores indicative of more frequent, severe community violence.
5-point likert scale ranging from 0 to 4, with lower scores indicative of better health.
Defined as a positive OraQuick ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test and confirmatory Westernblot.
Women included 3 individuals who were transgender (male to female).
Defined as a score of 3 or greater out of 9.