Table 2.
BIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIABLE RELATIONSHIPS OF INDIVIDUAL- AND TRACT-LEVEL CHARACTERISTICS TO UNMET NEEDS AMONG A SAMPLE OF 172 AFRICAN AMERICAN ADULTS RELOCATED FROM SEVEN PUBLIC HOUSING COMPLEXES IN ATLANTA, GEORGIAa
| Characteristics of participants and census tracts |
Model 1: Growth Curve Model OR (95% CI) |
Model 2: Bivariate Modelsb OR (95% CI) |
Model 3: Multivariable Model AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time for not substance dependent | 0.98 (0.96–0.97) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | |
| Time for substance dependent | 0.93 (0.90–0.97) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | |
| Substance dependent | 1.03 (0.42–2.54) | 0.82 (0.24–2.73) | |
| Census tract-level | |||
| Enabling characteristics | |||
| Socioeconomic disadvantage component | |||
| Baseline | 0.84 (0.49–1.46) | 0.64 (0.39–1.06) | |
| Change since baseline | 0.84 (0.63–1.10) | 0.71 (0.56–0.99) | |
| Percent employed Black workers 16+ with access to vehicle | |||
| Baseline | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | — | |
| Change since baseline | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | — | |
| Percent employed Black workers 16+ without access to a vehicle who take public transport to work | |||
| Baseline | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | — | |
| Change since baseline | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | — | |
| Percent employed Black workers 16+ with access to a vehicle or public transport | |||
| Baseline | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 0.97 (0.90–1.06) | |
| Change since baseline | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | |
| Individual-level | |||
| Enabling characteristics | |||
| Frequency of barriers to transportation | |||
| Baseline | 1.27 (1.11–1.45) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | |
| Change since baseline | 1.11 (1.00–1.22) | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) | |
| Transportation time in minutes to provider | |||
| Baseline | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | |
| Change since baseline | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | |
| Transportation cost in dollars to provider | |||
| Baseline | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | |
| Change since baseline | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | |
| Transportation mode to provider (ref = public transport) | |||
| Drive self or walk | 0.43 (0.21–0.90) | 1.17 (0.55–3.64) | |
| Someone else drives | 1.44 (0.64–3.23) | 1.70 (0.52–2.62) | |
| Taxi, ambulance, or other transport | 1.55 (0.68–3.52) | 1.33 (0.38–4.68) | |
| Perceived community violence | |||
| Baseline | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 1.08 (0.89–1.29) | |
| Change since baseline | 1.02 (0.89–1.18) | 1.10 (0.91–1.31) | |
| Proportion of social network providing support | |||
| Baseline | 1.34 (0.32–5.25) | 1.08 (0.28–4.15) | |
| Change since baseline | 1.02 (0.46–2.24) | 1.03 (0.41–2.62) | |
| Lifetime experience of discrimination in a medical setting (baseline) | 3.74 (1.59–8.82) | 2.61 (1.20–5.69) | |
| Health insurance | 0.38 (0.22–0.64) | 0.50 (0.27–0.92) | |
| Predisposing characteristics | |||
| Age in years | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | |
| Man | 0.26 (0.13–0.54) | 0.23 (0.11–0.50) | |
| Married or living as married (baseline) | 0.51 (0.20, 1.28) | — | |
| Employed (baseline) | 0.94 (0.47–1.91) | — | |
| Less than high school education (baseline) | 2.43 (1.19–4.98) | 1.80 (0.94–3.46) | |
| Homeless | 2.36 (1.15–4.88) | 1.42 (0.55–3.64) | |
| Number of months in the neighborhood | |||
| Baseline | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | |
| Change since baseline | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | |
| Need | |||
| Self-rated health | |||
| Baseline | 1.29 (0.86–1.93) | 1.12 (0.73–1.70) | |
| Change since baseline | 0.99 (0.74–1.32) | 0.94 (0.64–1.37) | |
| HIV-infected | 0.08 (0.02–0.40) | 0.21 (0.04–1.03) | |
a
Relationships were modeled using hierarchical generalized linear models. Covariates captured behaviors/conditions in the past 6 months and were treated as time-varying unless noted otherwise.
b
Bivariate models included time and the interaction with substance dependence.