Table 2. Impact of Semiotic Icon Type.
| 1. | 2. | 3. | Pairwise Comparisons | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iconic M (SD) | Indexical M (SD) | Symbolic M (SD) | F |
|
1-2 | 1-3 | 2-3 | ||
| Cancers | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Perceived representation | 2.59 (1.39) | 2.99 (1.44) | 3.55 (1.33) | 107 | .13 | ** | ** | ** | |
| Affect | -.76 (1.17) | -.91 (1.23) | -1.54 (1.32) | 102 | .13 | * | ** | ** | |
| Cognitive elaboration | 2.22 (1.97) | 2.57 (1.06) | 3.81 (1.94) | 178 | .20 | ** | ** | ** | |
| Perceived severity | 3.65 (2.28) | 3.83 (2.20) | 4.63 (1.84) | 82 | .11 | ** | ** | ||
| Perceived effectiveness | 2.70 (1.34) | 2.91 (1.36) | 3.73 (1.25) | 156 | .19 | * | ** | ** | |
|
| |||||||||
| Addiction | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Perceived representation | 2.47 (1.33) | 2.38 (1.35) | 4.55 (.72) | 938 | .57 | ** | ** | ||
| Affect | -.52 (1.04) | -.65 (1.06) | -1.89 (1.40) | 336 | .33 | * | ** | ** | |
| Cognitive elaboration | 2.00 (1.88) | 1.96 (1.88) | 4.80 (1.30) | 910 | .57 | ** | ** | ||
| Perceived severity | 3.09 (2.03) | 3.01 (2.07) | 4.67 (1.46) | 312 | .31 | ** | ** | ||
| Perceived effectiveness | 2.49 (1.27) | 2.52 (1.30) | 4.25 (.85) | 744 | .52 | ** | ** | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Heart attack and stroke | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Perceived representation | 3.71 (1.22) | 4.50 (.77) | 3.78 (1.15) | 143 | .17 | ** | ** | ||
| Affect | -1.29 (1.35) | -1.85 (1.38) | -1.32 (1.29) | 65 | .09 | ** | ** | ||
| Cognitive elaboration | 3.60 (1.87) | 4.75 (1.47) | 3.73 (1.77) | 159 | .19 | ** | ** | ||
| Perceived severity | 4.52 (1.79) | 5.13 (1.39) | 4.54 (1.75) | 71 | .09 | ** | ** | ||
| Perceived effectiveness | 3.60 (1.25) | 4.28 (.94) | 3.65 (1.19) | 134 | .16 | ** | ** | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Permanent breathing problems | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Perceived representation | 4.15 (.96) | 4.04 (1.05) | 3.45 (1.27) | 91 | .12 | ** | ** | ||
| Affect | -1.71 (1.29) | -1.62 (1.29) | -1.05 (1.31) | 81 | .10 | ** | ** | ||
| Cognitive elaboration | 4.43 (1.50) | 4.27 (1.61) | 3.40 (1.86) | 106 | .13 | ** | ** | ||
| Perceived severity | 4.86 (1.47) | 4.71 (1.57) | 4.23 (1.81) | 56 | .08 | * | ** | ** | |
| Perceived effectiveness | 4.15 (.95) | 4.05 (1.01) | 3.44 (1.23) | 114 | .14 | ** | ** | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Reproductive organ damage | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Perceived representation | 3.99 (1.16) | 3.76 (1.23) | 3.26 (1.34) | 91 | .12 | ** | ** | ** | |
| Affect | -1.78 (1.31) | -1.33 (1.33) | -1.15 (1.36) | 75 | .10 | ** | ** | * | |
| Cognitive elaboration | 4.26 (1.81) | 3.55 (1.90) | 3.24 (1.95) | 109 | .14 | ** | ** | * | |
| Perceived severity | 4.12 (1.99) | 3.89 (1.93) | 3.54 (2.06) | 41 | .06 | * | ** | ** | |
| Perceived effectiveness | 3.96 (1.16) | 3.56 (1.24) | 3.31 (1.30) | 103 | .13 | ** | ** | ** | |
Note. Shading indicates icon types with the highest rating. n = 701. All F values for RM MANOVAs and univariate analyses are significant at p < .001. All items had 5-point scale with higher scores indicating higher amounts of the construct. Affect was the exception and ranged from -3 to 3 on a 7-point scale.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .001