Table 1.
Hazard ratios (HRs) of incident colorectal cancer, overall and by F. nucleatum status, according to prudent or Western dietary score quartiles in the combined cohort of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2012) and the Nurses’ Health Study (1980–2012).
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | Ptrend3 | Pheterogeneity4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prudent dietary pattern | ||||||
| Overall colorectal cancer | ||||||
| Person-years | 913,569 | 907,676 | 912,395 | 909,922 | ||
| No. of cases (n=1,019) | 250 | 248 | 268 | 253 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)1 | 1 (referent) | 0.93 (0.77–1.11) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) | .01 | |
| Multivariable HR (95% CI)2 | 1 (referent) | 0.95 (0.80–1.14) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.85 (0.69–1.03) | .08 | |
|
F. nucleatum (+) colorectal cancer |
||||||
| No. of cases (n=125) | 43 | 26 | 34 | 22 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)1 | 1 (referent) | 0.54 (0.33–0.89) | 0.67 (0.42–1.05) | 0.40 (0.24–0.67) | .0001 | |
| Multivariable HR (95% CI)2 | 1 (referent) | 0.56 (0.34–0.92) | 0.70 (0.44–1.10) | 0.43 (0.25–0.72) | .003 | |
|
F. nucleatum (−) colorectal cancer |
.01 | |||||
| No. of cases (n=894) | 207 | 222 | 234 | 231 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)1 | 1 (referent) | 1.01 (0.83–1.22) | 0.96 (0.79–1.16) | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | .15 | |
| Multivariable HR (95% CI)2 | 1 (referent) | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 1.00 (0.83–1.22) | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | .47 | |
| Western dietary pattern | ||||||
| Overall colorectal cancer | ||||||
| Person-years | 910,656 | 910,525 | 910,465 | 911,916 | ||
| No. of cases (n=1,019) | 244 | 275 | 243 | 257 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)1 | 1 (referent) | 1.24 (1.04–1.48) | 1.21 (1.00–1.46) | 1.46 (1.18–1.82) | .001 | |
| Multivariable HR (95% CI)2 | 1 (referent) | 1.19 (1.00–1.43) | 1.12 (0.92–1.36) | 1.29 (1.03–1.62) | .05 | |
|
F. nucleatum (+) colorectal cancer |
||||||
| No. of cases (n=125) | 25 | 33 | 33 | 34 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)1 | 1 (referent) | 1.42 (0.84–2.40) | 1.59 (0.94–2.69) | 1.92 (1.12–3.29) | .01 | |
| Multivariable HR (95% CI)2 | 1 (referent) | 1.37 (0.81–2.31) | 1.49 (0.88–2.53) | 1.69 (0.98–2.90) | .05 | |
|
F. nucleatum (−) colorectal cancer |
.23 | |||||
| No. of cases (n=894) | 219 | 242 | 210 | 223 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)1 | 1 (referent) | 1.25 (1.03–1.50) | 1.16 (0.95–1.42) | 1.42 (1.13–1.78) | .006 | |
| Multivariable HR (95% CI)2 | 1 (referent) | 1.20 (0.99–1.44) | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 1.25 (0.99–1.58) | .12 |
Stratified by age, calendar year, and gender and adjusted for total caloric intake (kcal/day)
As above, and additionally adjusted for family history of colorectal cancer in any first-degree relative, history of previous endoscopy, pack-years of smoking (never, 0–4, 5–19, 20–39, or ≥40), body mass index (kg/m2), physical activity (MET-hours/week), regular aspirin or NSAID use (≥2 tablets/week).
Tests for trend were conducted using the median value of each quartile category as a continuous variable.
We tested for heterogeneity by using a likelihood ratio test, comparing a model that allows separate associations for the two colorectal cancer subgroups (i.e., F. nucleatum-positive and negative subgroups) with a model that assumes a common association.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MET, metabolic equivalent task; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.