Table 3.
Phenolic compounds of grape pulp
| Phenolic compounds of pulp (mg/100 g) | Razaki* | Razaki** | Razaki*** | Müşküle* | Müşküle** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gallic Acid | 38.828 ± 0.295****b | 37.715 ± 0.627c | 48.951 ± 1.020a | 43.352 ± 1.115b | 12.554 ± 0.324c |
| 3.4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 45.806 ± 0.102b***** | 54.681 ± 0.066a | 35.830 ± 0.747c | 47.454 ± 0.840b | 5.741 ± 0.479c |
| (+)-Catechin | 56.056 ± 1.430c | 76.081 ± 0.588a | 61.075 ± 1.466b | 63.767 ± 0.150a | 3.535 ± 0.330c |
| 1.2-Dihydroxybenzene | 58.547 ± 2.116a | 32.918 ± 0.592c | 53.921 ± 0.143b | 47.227 ± 0.704a | 3.878 ± 0.215c |
| Syringic acid | 15.726 ± 0.092c | 17.307 ± 0.861b | 18.399 ± 0.381a | 17.426 ± 0.151a | 0.914 ± 0.081b |
| Caffeic acid | 12.712 ± 0.049b | 10.125 ± 0.082c | 13.173 ± 0.049a | 16.278 ± 0.115a | 1.855 ± 0.218b |
| Rutin trihidrate | 16.926 ± 0.034a | 14.521 ± 0.227b | 16.636 ± 0.488a | 9.638 ± 0.420a | 0.967 ± 0.090c |
| p-Coumaric acid | 1.323 ± 0.021c | 1.874 ± 0.091b | 1.906 ± 0.073a | 1.234 ± 0.085a | 0.205 ± 0.011b |
| trans-Ferulic acid | 9.724 ± 0.256b | 6.324 ± 0.143c | 20.304 ± 0.349a | 6.854 ± 0.410a | 1.160 ± 0.063c |
| Apigenin 7 glukozid | 9.573 ± 0.317c | 11.904 ± 0.158b | 12.223 ± 0.086a | 13.561 ± 0.214a | 0.706 ± 0.045c |
| Resveratrol | 3.973 ± 0.152a | 3.975 ± 0.084a | 3.840 ± 0.122b | 2.885 ± 0.191a | 1.180 ± 0.018b |
| Quercetin | 12.765 ± 0.045b | 11.787 ± 0.412c | 13.137 ± 0.033a | 10.247 ± 0.683a | 6.963 ± 0.064b |
| trans-Sinnamic acid | 2.618 ± 0.165a | 2.175 ± 0.060c | 2.481 ± 0.150b | 2.118 ± 0.167c | 2.365 ± 0.042b |
| Naringenin | 3.871 ± 0.000a | 2.774 ± 0.237b | 2.158 ± 0.000b | 0.922 ± 0.000c | 10.997 ± 0.222a |
| Kaempferol | 12.149 ± 0.035a | 6.703 ± 0.026b | 6.682 ± 0.096b | 5.882 ± 0.500a | 5.867 ± 0.000a |
| Isorhamnetin | 25.293 ± 0.236a | 21.629 ± 0.582c | 23.579 ± 0.347b | 9.336 ± 0.107a | 5.906 ± 0.101c |
| Müşküle*** | Cardinal* | Cardinal** | Cardinal*** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gallic Acid | 56.747 ± 1.323a | 24.670 ± 1.066c | 35.029 ± 3.657b | 53.524 ± 0.150a |
| 3.4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 49.656 ± 0.929a | 80.693 ± 0.216a | 38.052 ± 2.375b | 26.254 ± 0.884c |
| (+)-Catechin | 13.669 ± 0.844b | 3.139 ± 0.212c | 23.553 ± 2.123a | 18.733 ± 1.012b |
| 1.2-Dihydroxybenzene | 12.098 ± 0.892b | 2.860 ± 0.012c | 15.009 ± 1.125a | 12.033 ± 0.208b |
| syringic acid | 0.899 ± 0.038c | 1.860 ± 0.020b | 2.409 ± 0.006a | 0.603 ± 0.023c |
| Caffeic acid | 1.045 ± 0.021c | 1.212 ± 0.089b | 5.822 ± 0.880a | 0.772 ± 0.039c |
| Rutin trihidrate | 2.710 ± 0.389b | 1.511 ± 0.081b | 4.027 ± 0.624a | 0.946 ± 0.071c |
| p-Coumaric acid | 0.234 ± 0.022b | 1.341 ± 0.210b | 1.829 ± 0.284a | 0.275 ± 0.012c |
| trans-Ferulic acid | 1.242 ± 0.080b | 6.759 ± 1.161a | 6.295 ± 0.974b | 0.869 ± 0.062c |
| Apigenin 7 glukozid | 0.800 ± 0.066b | 0.539 ± 0.028c | 9.382 ± 1.346a | 0.900 ± 0.058b |
| Resveratrol | 1.114 ± 0.034c | 3.706 ± 0.453a | 2.874 ± 0.362b | 1.343 ± 0.043c |
| Quercetin | 3.565 ± 0.130c | 5.805 ± 0.169c | 6.766 ± 0.403a | 6.432 ± 0.175b |
| trans-Sinnamic acid | 2.738 ± 0.049a | 3.496 ± 0.106a | 3.505 ± 0.121a | 2.730 ± 0.025b |
| Naringenin | 8.673 ± 0.056b | 9.008 ± 0.005b | 8.981 ± 0.221c | 9.227 ± 0.044a |
| Kaempferol | –# | – | – | |
| Isorhamnetin | 8.368 ± 0.159b | 9.603 ± 0.252a | 6.970 ± 0.090c | 7.475 ± 0.016b |
| Phenolic compounds of seeds (mg/100 g) | Razaki* | Razaki** | Razaki*** | Müşküle* | Müşküle** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gallic acid | 29.096 ± 1.505b | 22.337 ± 0.478c | 40.496 ± 0.899a | 59.336 ± 2.384a | 47.703 ± 2.734b |
| 3.4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 147.250 ± 0.430b | 186.374 ± 0.735a | 159.431 ± 2.434c | 130.701 ± 0.366a | 79.841 ± 0.162b |
| (+)-Catechin | 761.568 ± 4.363b | 243.382 ± 2.720c | 768.751 ± 21.390a | 85.457 ± 3.324a | 71.663 ± 0.710b |
| 1.2-Dihydroxybenzene | 210.097 ± 0.961b | 848.063 ± 1.512a | 97.099 ± 6.327c | 61.700 ± 0.669b | 28.832 ± 0.085c |
| Syringic acid | 38.321 ± 0.914c | 56.325 ± 1.232a | 45.453 ± 1.503b | 27.295 ± 0.480c | 31.177 ± 2.031 |
| Caffeic acid | 73.704 ± 1.493a | 70.977 ± 0.984b | 35.660 ± 1.145c | 22.202 ± 0.762c | 41.465 ± 1.973b |
| Rutin trihidrate | 53.521 ± 0.458c | 140.033 ± 0.309b | 156.788 ± 0.324a | 28.787 ± 0.648b | 25.049 ± 0.291c |
| p-Coumaric acid | 11.549 ± 0.026a | 9.644 ± 0.393c | 10.205 ± 0.361b | 5.124 ± 0.038c | 5.542 ± 0.169b |
| trans-Ferulic acid | 54.140 ± 0.875c | 111.639 ± 2.260a | 69.097 ± 1.652b | 47.425 ± 0.096a | 41.073 ± 0.518b |
| Apigenin 7 glukozid | 76.992 ± 3.330c | 105.296 ± 2.579a | 78.459 ± 1.668b | 64.526 ± 2.015a | 32.223 ± 0.814c |
| Resveratrol | 12.245 ± 0.208b | 9.866 ± 0.289c | 14.422 ± 0.510a | 10.918 ± 0.084a | 10.661 ± 0.790a |
| Quercetin | 9.951 ± 0.481c | 25.410 ± 0.539b | 28.349 ± 0.111a | 23.693 ± 0.605b | 45.030 ± 0.400a |
| trans-Sinnamic acid | 1.347 ± 0.163c | 4.345 ± 0.161a | 2.902 ± 0.155b | 3.372 ± 0.114b | 2.230 ± 0.117c |
| Naringenin | 4.884 ± 0.840c | 10.931 ± 0.539a | 10.085 ± 0.113b | 9.204 ± 0.172a | 7.991 ± 0.501c |
| Kaempferol | 1.847 ± 0.027c | 21.540 ± 0.407a | 13.603 ± 0.526b | 10.973 ± 0.533b | 9.644 ± 0.661c |
| Isorhamnetin | 1.842 ± 0.028c | 19.753 ± 0.245a | 16.551 ± 1.147b | 11.508 ± 0.436b | 7.707 ± 0.715c |
| Müşküle*** | Cardinal* | Cardinal** | Cardinal*** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gallic acid | 8.471 ± 0.545c | 119.081 ± 1.451b | 216.165 ± 0.551a | 79.915 ± 4.628c |
| 3.4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 45.000 ± 0.320c | 34.613 ± 3.713b | 83.080 ± 0.124a | 13.210 ± 0.807c |
| (+)-Catechin | 66.348 ± 2.556c | 48.445 ± 1.845c | 67.826 ± 0.000b | 154.031 ± 0.290a |
| 1.2-Dihydroxybenzene | 66.198 ± 0.720a | 121.094 ± 3.467b | 121.385 ± 0.000b | 966.396 ± 7.258a |
| Syringic acid | 85.365 ± 3.124a | 15.076 ± 1.378c | 188.310 ± 1.717a | 55.719 ± 2.376b |
| Caffeic acid | 123.506 ± 1.446a | 37.710 ± 2.588c | 41.353 ± 1.188b | 200.934 ± 2.204a |
| Rutin trihidrate | 33.070 ± 0.349a | 38.999 ± 0.845c | 51.107 ± 2.342a | 44.646 ± 2.644b |
| p-Coumaric acid | 7.379 ± 0.337a | 13.640 ± 0.020a | 9.985 ± 0.617c | 11.534 ± 0.192b |
| trans-Ferulic acid | 40.007 ± 1.548a | 46.328 ± 0.780c | 52.901 ± 0.106b | 426.080 ± 1.803a |
| Apigenin 7 glukozid | 48.219 ± 0.864b | 164.161 ± 2.939a | 113.338 ± 0.016b | 97.803 ± 1.591c |
| Resveratrol | 8.708 ± 0.427b | 24.440 ± 0.394c | 46.122 ± 1.253a | 40.889 ± 0.424b |
| Quercetin | 13.233 ± 0.140c | 61.682 ± 1.604a | 49.072 ± 0.423c | 57.299 ± 1.526b |
| trans-Sinnamic acid | 3.944 ± 0.072a | 5.579 ± 0.205a | 4.841 ± 0.155b | 4.419 ± 0.188b |
| Naringenin | 8.265 ± 0.104b | 11.067 ± 0.570c | 14.999 ± 0.261a | 12.807 ± 0.072b |
| Kaempferol | 14.627 ± 0.124a | 17.371 ± 0.472a | 13.687 ± 0.617b | 13.807 ± 0.018b |
| Isorhamnetin | 12.701 ± 0.127a | 14.736 ± 1.031a | 9.175 ± 0.279b | 5.626 ± 0.199c |
# Not detected; * harvest; ** harvested one week ago; *** harvested two weeks ago; **** each value is expressed as mean ± standard deviation; **** values in each row with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05)