TABLE 3.

Patient Criteria for Isolated MPFL Reconstruction in Each Study^a

Study	Patient Criteria
Astur et al1	Skeletally mature; traumatic MPFL tear diagnosed by MRI after history of patellar dislocation; failure after 6 months of nonoperative treatment; no chondral injuries ICRS grade ≥III, trochlear dysplasia, malalignment, or patella alta
Csintalan et al11	No malalignment
Deie et al12	>2 dislocations; no osteoarthritis Kellgren-Lawrence grade >III at patellofemoral joint or grade >II at tibiofemoral joint
Ellera Gomes15	Dislocation and/or subluxation and “exhausted nonoperative treatment strategies”; no genu valgum, obesity, or severe patellofemoral crepitus
Feller et al17	Recurrent subluxation; ISI<1.4; TT-TG distance<21 mm; no J-tracking
Fink et al18	Skeletally mature; >2 dislocations; TT-TG distance<20 mm; no chondral injuries ICRS grade >IIIB
Goyal22	Recurrent patellar instability due to predisposing bony causes; first-time dislocation regardless of predisposing bony causes with persistent instability after 1 month of nonoperative treatment
Kang et al27	≥2 dislocations or instability persisting >3 months after initial dislocation and nonoperative treatment; Q angle<20° (female) or 17° (male); trochlear angle<145°; TT-TG distance<20 mm; ISI<1.2; no patellar dysplasia Wiberg grade ≥IV; no articular cartilage erosion Outerbridge grade >2
Matthews and Schranz34	≥2 dislocations; no degenerative patellofemoral osteoarthritis of grades III or IV; TT-TG distance<15 mm; no severe trochlear dysplasia of Dejour types B or C
Mulliez et al40	Recurrent patellar dislocation or “constant feeling of patellar instability”; failure after 6 months of nonoperative treatment;<45 years old; Caton-Deschamps index<1.2; TT-TG distance<20 mm
Panagopoulos et al45	Posttraumatic patellar instability
Panni et al46	≥3 dislocations confirmed by radiography or clinical diagnosis and reduction (including manual reduction by nonclinicians); failure after 6 months of nonoperative treatment; Q angle<20° (female) or 17° (male); ISI<1.2; no genu valgum ≥7° on weight bearing long-leg radiographs; trochlear angle<145°; no patellar dysplasia Wiberg grade ≥IV; no meniscal tears requiring repair; no severe trochlear dysplasia of Dejour types B, C, or D; no J-tracking; TT-TG distance<20 mm
Wagner et al71	Chronic patellofemoral instability
Witonski et al73	History of dislocation “as a starting point of recurrent lateral patellar instability”; no abnormal pelvic geometry or Q angle; no femoral anteversion; no trochlear dysplasia; no patella alta or baja; no external tibial torsion or hindfoot position

^aPrevious surgery and multiligamentous injuries/laxity were exclusion criteria for this review, and thus, these criteria are not included in the table. ICRS, International Cartilage Repair Society; ISI, Insall-Salvati index; MPFL, medial patellofemoral ligament; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; Q angle, quadriceps angle; TT-TG, tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove.