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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Acad Med. 2016 Aug;91(8):1164–1172. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001209

Table 2.

Representation Ratios by Sex, Citizenship, and Race/Ethnicity for Specified Education and Career Levels of the U.S. Population and NIH-Funded Workforce for 2008–2012a

Category High schoolb Bachelorsb Advancedb Postdocc K awardeec RPG awardeec R01-equivalent awardeec
Sex
 Male 0.99 1.02 1.18 0.82 0.92 1.18 1.22
 Female 1.01 0.98 0.83 1.21 1.08 0.73 0.68
Citizenship
 Citizen 1.03 0.99 0.70 1.38 1.24 1.30 1.31
 Noncitizen 0.69 1.13 5.15 0.27 0.54 0.42 0.40
Race/ethnicity
 White, non-Hispanic 1.06 1.05 0.74 1.22 1.05 1.26 1.28
 Black or African American, non-Hispanic 0.96 0.67 0.42 1.30 1.25 0.42 0.37
 Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 0.73 0.64 0.76 1.03 1.24 0.79 0.77
 Asian, non-Hispanic 1.00 1.75 3.92 0.49 0.66 0.53 0.53
 American Indian, non-Hispanic 0.94 0.52 NS NS NS NS NS
Sex by race/ethnicity
 White, non-Hispanic males 1.05 1.09 0.84 1.04 0.97 1.50 1.57
 White, non-Hispanic females 1.06 1.01 0.64 1.44 1.14 0.93 0.88
 Black, non-Hispanic males 0.94 0.60 0.51 0.99 1.06 0.47 0.43
 Black, non-Hispanic females 0.97 0.72 0.35 1.61 1.43 0.37 0.31
 Hispanic or Latino, males 0.71 0.61 0.93 0.84 1.00 0.90 0.93
 Hispanic or Latino, females 0.75 0.68 0.61 1.24 1.54 0.64 0.55
 Asian, non-Hispanic males 1.02 1.80 4.74 0.38 0.65 0.65 0.66
 Asian, non-Hispanic females 0.98 1.70 3.14 0.62 0.68 0.35 0.33
 American Indian, non-Hispanic males 0.93 0.48 NS NS NS NS NS
 American Indian, non-Hispanic females 0.96 0.56 NS NS NS NS NS
Citizenship by race/ethnicity
 White, non-Hispanic: citizen 1.06 1.04 0.62 1.39 1.09 1.23 1.25
 White, non-Hispanic: noncitizen 1.01 1.41 5.56 0.31 0.63 0.62 0.62
 Black, non-Hispanic: citizen 0.96 0.66 0.35 1.49 1.44 0.43 0.37
 Black, non-Hispanic: noncitizen 0.92 0.87 1.52 0.54
 Hispanic or Latino: citizen 0.87 0.69 0.53 1.57 1.73 1.00 0.96
 Hispanic or Latino: noncitizen 0.49 0.51 1.66 0.32 0.59 0.33 0.31
 Asian, non-Hispanic: citizen 1.02 1.66 2.35 0.89 1.01 0.85 0.88
 Asian, non-Hispanic: noncitizen 0.96 1.93 6.89 0.22 0.40 0.21 0.19
Sex by race/ethnicity and citizenship
 White, non-Hispanic, citizen: males 1.06 1.08 0.71 1.18 0.99 1.47 1.55
 White, non-Hispanic, citizen: females 1.07 1.01 0.54 1.63 1.20 0.90 0.85
 White, non-Hispanic, noncitizen: males 1.02 1.52 6.09 0.26 0.66 0.76 0.78
 White, non-Hispanic, noncitizen: females 1.00 1.31 4.98 0.39 0.59 0.43 0.40
 Black, non-Hispanic, citizen: males 0.94 0.58 0.37 1.24 1.37 0.54 0.49
 Black, non-Hispanic, citizen: females 0.98 0.72 0.33 1.65 1.49 0.34 0.29
 Black, non-Hispanic, noncitizen: males 0.95 0.95 2.15 NS NS NS NS
 Black, non-Hispanic, noncitizen: females 0.89 0.78 0.74 NS NS NS NS
 Hispanic or Latino, citizen: males 0.86 0.66 0.65 1.33 1.37 1.15 1.18
 Hispanic or Latino, citizen: females 0.88 0.72 0.44 1.83 2.16 0.81 0.70
 Hispanic or Latino, noncitizen: males 0.49 0.48 1.94 NS NS 0.36 0.37
 Hispanic or Latino, noncitizen: females 0.50 0.55 1.39 NS NS 0.27 0.22
 Asian, non-Hispanic, citizen: males 1.04 1.70 2.67 0.75 1.04 1.10 1.16
 Asian, non-Hispanic, citizen: females 1.00 1.63 2.05 1.03 0.97 0.54 0.54
 Asian, non-Hispanic, noncitizen: males 0.99 2.03 8.55 0.17 0.39 0.26 0.24
 Asian, non-Hispanic, noncitizen: females 0.94 1.84 5.27 0.30 0.41 0.12 0.10

Abbreviations: NIH indicates National Institutes of Health; RPG, Research Project Grant; NS, not shown due to low sample size.

a

K awardees are funded with early career mentored award mechanisms, RPG awardees are funded with independent research award mechanisms, and R-01 equivalent awardees are funded with a narrower set of independent research award mechanisms.

b

Data source: Authors’ calculations using Integrated Public Use Microdata Series American Community Survey data.

c

Data source: Authors’ calculations using NIH Information for Management, Planning, and Coordination II data.