Table 2.
Patient group (N = 35): clinical and neuropsychological scores.
| Clinical score | Patients (N = 35) |
Pre-remediation (N = 15i) |
Post-remediation (N = 15i) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
| PANSSa | |||
| Total score | 65.5 ± 14.6 | 68.3 ± 10.3 | 55.3 ± 10.1** |
| Positive symptoms | 11.5 ± 3.5 | 11.4 ± 3.4 | 10.9 ± 3.5 |
| Negative symptoms | 18.25 ± 5.2 | 18.9 ± 4.7 | 15.7 ± 4.7** |
| Disorganization symptoms | 8.6 ± 2.1 | 10.2 ± 2.3 | 7.7 ± 1.8** |
| General symptoms | 35.8 ± 10.3 | 38.0 ± 8.8 | 28.8 ± 6.9** |
| NSSb | |||
| Total score | 13.37 ± 8.49 | 9.0 ± 4.7 | 6.4 ± 2.8* |
| Sensory integration sub-score | 1.20 ± 1.54 | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 0.9 ± 1.4 |
| Motor coordination sub-score | 2.16 ± 2.03 | 2.8 ± 2.3 | 1.9 ± 2.1 |
| Motor integration sub-score | 0.31 ± 0.62 | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 0.5 |
| Neuropsychological test | |||
| WCST?c | |||
| Total number of categories | 4.85 ± 2.02 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 5.4 ± 1.3 |
| D2d | |||
| GZ | 397.81 ± 106.21 | 396.1 ± 135.6 | 457.9 ± 108.9** |
| F% | 3.7 ± 4.35 | 2.4 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 2.5 |
| KL | 163.22 ± 31.90 | 166.5 ± 33.4 | 191.9 ± 51.8** |
| GZ-F | 390.77 ± 81.27 | 407.5 ± 86.5 | 450.3 ± 106.8** |
| WAIS-IIIe | |||
| Digit span total | 8.33 ± 2.71 | 8.4 ± 2.9 | 9.1 ± 2.1 |
| Spatial span total | 8.69 ± 2.71 | 8.2 ± 2.6 | 9.1 ± 2.9 |
| Digit symbol—copy | 104.22 ± 50.98 | 106.1 ± 36.2 | 95.9 ± 40.4 |
| BADSf | |||
| Zoo map test v1 planific. Time | 157.74 ± 163.74 | 141.2 ± 102.1 | 172.9 ± 243.0 |
| Zoo map test v1 total score | 4.13 ± 3.50 | 4.6 ± 3.4 | 5.5 ± 3.6 |
| D-KEFS Tower testg | |||
| Ratio time/disk moves | 4.41 ± 3.64 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 1.3 |
| Ratio number of moves/number of minimal moves | 1.73 ± 0.63 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 2.4 |
| Strooph | |||
| Ratio interference/denominator | 55.13 ± 27.69 | 61.5 ± 26.6 | 39.6 ± 10.8* |
Scores before and after cognitive remediation therapy for a subgroup of patients (N = 15).
aPANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (46).
bNSS: neurological soft signs (22): three NSS sub-scores were retained: motor coordination, motor integration, sensory integration.
cWCST: Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (51).
dD2: The D2 Test of Attention (48).
eWAIS-III: Wechsler adult intelligence scale, third ed (49).
fBADS: behavioral Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (52).
gD-KEFS Tower Test: Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (53).
iNot all 15 patients completed all listed tests pre- and post-remediation.
N = 14 for WCST, D2, WAIS-III.
N = 13 for BADS, D-KEFS.
N = 11 for NSS.
N = 10 for Stroop.
*Significant differences between pre- and post-remediation at P < 0.5, **at P < 0.01 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).