Table 1.

Functional conservation of immunity elements among invertebrate deuterostomes

	Chordata		Ambulacraria
Immunity feature	Tunicata	Cephalochordata	Echinodermata	Hemichordata
Phagocytes/coelomocytes	Present (57)	Present (58)	Present (20)	Present (58)
Cytokines and/or transcription factors expressed in infection	NF-κB, IL-1, TNFα (18, 57)	NF-κB, IL-17, IRFs (19, 29, 59)	NF-κB, TNF, IL-17 (20, 60)	Unknown
TLRs
Subcellular expression	Cell membrane + endosomes (18)	Cell membrane and/or endosomes (19)	Unknown	Unknown
Cell/tissue expression	Pharynx and gut (18)	Epidermis, pharynx, and gut (19)	Coelomocytes and gut epithelium (17)	Unknown
PAMP-dependent regulation	Present (18)	Present (5)	Present (17)	Unknown
Molecular interactions	Activates NF-κB; induces TNFα expression (18)	Activates NF-κB via MYD88 (19)	Unknown	Unknown