Table 1.
Sources of Social Capital and their Expression by Participants
| Source (Portes) | Expression (Portes) | Participant Expressions | Participant Expressed Barriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concept, key words | Example: | Concept, key words | Example: | ||||
| Value Introjection | Codes of ethics, shared beliefs, norms governing acceptable behavior | Transparency, honesty, respect, humility, equity, “face” time spent together = expression of values | n=29; 94% | I think what we do is set certain principles about honesty, transparency, and hiring people …I think this is very important. | lack of training; lack of $$ (staff); time | n=18; 58% | [A]cademic training, training in the classroom, is absolutely ineffective in teaching how to approach communities. |
| Bounded Solidarity | Ethnic/social groups; political parties, class, groups put together for common goal or situation | Break down of “us” and “them” via shared ownership/mutual goals; shared value of research and community objectives. | n=27; 87% | They just call me A. They just say this is good old A. They don’t call me Dr. S. They just call me part of them; When they hurt, I hurt. When they were celebrating, I would celebrate with them and that sort of thing. |
Negative perceptions created through past interactions with institutions & researchers | n=19; 61% | Yeah, because I think because of sort of past behaviors of university researchers, there was a trust issue to start with, whether we were just going to come out and get our data …and not leave anything of value for the community. |
| Reciprocity | Exchange of goods, resources | Resource sharing without immediate return (e.g. education, grant writing, jobs; doing taxes); leveraging of resources | n=23; 74% | … pay them back in kind in all kinds of ways. I remember in my *** study I would do … income tax. Yeah, people … needed somebody to help with income tax … I served as a resource to the community in any way that I could. | lack of resources; limitations of grants/universities; perceived inequity | n=20; 65% | [P]rofessors get promotions, they get pay raises, they get publicity because of the research. What do the subjects get? … Generally, they don’t get very much. |
| Enforceable Trust | Recognition/rewards beyond the individual relationship and recourse for justice if things go badly | Absent in data | -- | Absent in data | -- | ||