TABLE 3.

Predictors of Therapeutic Endoscopy Utilization in Pediatric CP

Variables	Underwent therapeutic ERCP, n=96 (%)	No therapeutic ERCP, n=50 (%)	P
Sex, female	60 (62)	24 (50)	0.093
Ethnicity, Hispanic	(n=85) 19 (22)	(n=46) 3 (7)	0.021*
Race	(n=80)	(n=47)	0.010*
White	68 (85)	34 (72)	–
Multi-racial	4 (5)	4 (8)	–
Black	6 (6)	0 (0)	–
Asian	1 (1)	6 (13)	–
Other	2 (3)	3 (7)	–
Age at first acute attack, mean (SD), y	(n=81) 8.3 ± 4.6	(n=38) 8.1 ± 4.9	0.827
Age at first diagnosis CP, mean (SD), y	(n=72) 9.7 ±4.4	(n=32) 11.3 ± 4.6	0.106
Exocrine insufficiency	29/89 (33)	15/43 (35)	0.793
Endocrine insufficiency	6/93 (6)	1/44 (2)	0.429
Alcoholic	1/90 (1)	4/47 (9)	0.028*
Active smoker	1/90 (1)	2/47 (4)	0.271
Passive smoking exposure	9/84 (11)	3/45 (7)	0.540
Autoimmune pancreatitis	2/68 (3)	12/40 (30)	<0.0001*
Other autoimmune diseases	5/92 (5)	3/46 (7)	1.0
Genetic Risk Factors:
PRSS1	34/75 (45)	16/33 (48)	0.762
SPINK1	16/69 (23)	9/30 (30)	0.473
CFTR	14/71 (20)	10/33 (30)	0.233
CTRC	4/53 (8)	0/20 (0)	0.570
Obstructive factors	38/95 (38)	9/49 (18)	0.009*
Pancreas divisum	16/91 (18)	6/49 (12)	0.408
Sphincter of Oddi disorders	2/91 (2)	0/48 (0)	0.545
Gallstones	5/92 (5)	1/47 (2)	0.664
Pancreatic duct mal-union	5/91 (5)	1/48 (2)	0.664
Duct obstruction	4/93 (4)	0/48 (0)	0.299
Annular pancreas	1/93 (1)	0/48 (0)	1.0
Choledochal cyst	2/93 (2)	0/48 (0)	0.548
Medications
Pain medications	42/73 (58)	20/36 (56)	0.844
Medical therapies	72/94 (77)	29/46 (63)	0.093
Pancreatic enzymes	55/93 (59)	22/46 (48)	0.060
Vitamins/anti-oxidants	14/89 (16)	6/45 (13)	0.713
Steroids	3/90 (3)	5/45 (11)	0.116
Octreotide	4/89 (4)	1/46 (2)	0.661

^*Statistically significant.

CP: chronic pancreatitis, SD: standard deviation, PRSS1: protease, serine 1, SPINK1: serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1, CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CTRC: chymotrypsin C, ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.