Figure 8. Two-photon calcium imaging of M2 excitatory neurons in L2/3 and L5.

(A) Left, experimental setup. Right, two-photon images of GCaMP6s-expressing neurons in L2/3 and L5.

(B) Activity of example neurons over learning.

(C) Cumulative probability distribution of activity onsets of movement-modulated neurons in L2/3 (n.s., p = 0.64, n = 231 neurons for naive and n = 640 neurons for expert, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). Naive and expert are sessions 1–2 and sessions 11–14, respectively.

(D) Same as (C) for L5 (p < 0.001, n = 264 neurons for naive and n = 726 neurons for expert, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test).

(E) Trial-by-trial population activity correlation of movement-modulated neurons in L2/3 in each session (p < 0.05, n = 9 mice, regression, mean ± SEM).

(F) Same as (E) for L5 (p < 0.001 n = 7 mice, regression, mean ± SEM).

(G) Trial-by-trial population activity correlation of neurons that are movement-modulated in at least one session in L2/3 across sessions.

(H) Same as (G) for L5.

(I) Trial-by-trial population activity correlation in L2/3 as a function of trial-by-trial movement correlation within and across naive and expert stages (p < 0.001, n = 9 mice, Friedman test, mean ± SEM).

(J) Same as (I) for L5 (p < 0.001 n = 7 mice, Friedman test, mean ± SEM).

(K) Fraction of movement-modulated neurons over learning for L2/3 (p < 0.001, n = 9 mice, regression, mean ± SEM).

(L) Same as (K) for L5 (p < 0.001, n = 7 mice, regression, mean ± SEM).