| 3D | three-dimensional |
| AM | additive manufacturing |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| FBS | foetal bovine serum |
| FDA | fluorescein diacetate |
| FDM | fused deposition modelling |
| PCL | medical grade poly-(ε-caprolactone) |
| PI | propidium iodide |
| PS | penicillin/streptomycin |
| SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
| TE | tissue engineering |