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A negatively charged substrate is immersed in the solution of positively charged polyelectrolyte. The latter forms a submonolayer on the surface of the substrate, which switches the surface charge to positive. After rinsing with water, it is then immersed in the dispersion of negatively charged polyelectrolyte or nanoparticles. This results in the formation of a new layer, which switches the surface charge to negative. The whole cycle can be repeated as many times as is desired.
