Table 3. Risk of pneumonia with current use of different types of BZRAs, stratified by the characteristics and administrations.
| Cases (N = 4,533) |
Controls (N = 16,388) |
Crude OR (95%CI) |
Adjusted ORa (95%CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non user, n (%) | 1,766 (39.0) | 6,862 (41.9) | Reference | Reference |
| Current BZD use, n (%) | ||||
| By dose | ||||
| ≦0.50 DDD | 490 (10.8) | 1,396 (8.5) | 1.39 (1.23–1.56)b | 1.25 (1.09–1.43)b |
| 0.51–1.00 DDD | 298 (6.6) | 821 (5.0) | 1.43 (1.24–1.66)b | 1.28 (1.09–1.50)b |
| >1.00 DDD | 185 (4.1) | 500 (3.1) | 1.44 (1.21–1.73)b | 1.38 (1.13–1.69)b |
| By duration | ||||
| 1–30 days | 520 (11.5) | 1,114 (6.8) | 1.83 (1.63–2.07)b | 1.65 (1.44–1.89)b |
| 31–90 days | 147 (3.2) | 489 (3.0) | 1.17 (0.96–1.42) | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) |
| 91–180 days | 88 (2.0) | 333 (2.0) | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | 0.96 (0.74–1.25) |
| 181–365 days | 218 (4.8) | 781 (4.8) | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) |
| By route | ||||
| Oral | 877 (19.4) | 2,623 (16.0) | 1.31 (1.19–1.45)b | 1.23 (1.10–1.37)b |
| Parenteral | 60 (1.3) | 47 (0.3) | 5.05 (3.42–7.46)b | 2.88 (1.87–4.42)b |
| Oral & Parenteral | 36 (0.8) | 47 (0.3) | 2.81 (1.80–4.39)b | 1.62 (0.98–2.69) |
| Current Z-drug use, n (%)c | ||||
| By dose | ||||
| ≤0.50 DDD | 11 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) | 1.59 (0.78–3.24) | 1.49 (0.69–3.23) |
| 0.51–1.00 DDD | 45 (1.0) | 172 (1.1) | 0.93 (0.66–1.31) | 0.92 (0.63–1.33) |
| >1.00 DDD | 21 (0.5) | 56 (0.3) | 1.39 (0.83–2.33) | 1.20 (0.69–2.11) |
| By duration | ||||
| 1–30 days | 39 (0.9) | 77 (0.5) | 1.78 (1.19–2.67)b | 1.75 (1.13–2.72)b |
| 31–90 days | 13 (0.3) | 51 (0.3) | 0.96 (0.52–1.78) | 0.89 (0.46–1.71) |
| 91–180 days | 6 (0.1) | 23 (0.1) | 0.94 (0.37–2.35) | 0.84 (0.32–2.22) |
| 181–365 days | 19 (0.4) | 103 (0.6) | 0.65 (0.39–1.07) | 0.60 (0.35–1.04) |
| Current BZD plus Z-drug use, n (%) | ||||
| By dose | ||||
| ≤0.50 DDD | 12 (0.3) | 35 (0.2) | 1.32 (0.68–2.58) | 0.97 (0.46–2.04) |
| 0.51–1.00 DDD | 61 (1.4) | 139 (0.9) | 1.72 (1.26–2.35)b | 1.32 (0.93–1.87) |
| >1.00 DDD | 161 (3.6) | 495 (3.0) | 1.18 (0.97–1.44) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) |
| Current BZD plus Z-drug use, n (%) | ||||
| By duration | ||||
| 1–30 days | 51 (1.1) | 112 (0.7) | 1.73 (1.23–2.43)b | 1.40 (0.95–2.05) |
| 31–90 days | 61 (1.4) | 124 (0.8) | 1.82 (1.32–2.51)b | 1.40 (0.97–2.01) |
| 91–180 days | 40 (0.9) | 122 (0.7) | 1.21 (0.84–1.76) | 1.09 (0.73–1.65) |
| 181–365 days | 82 (1.8) | 311 (1.9) | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) |
| By route | ||||
| Oral | 198 (4.4) | 636 (3.9) | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) |
| Oral & Parenteral | 36 (0.8) | 33 (0.2) | 3.86 (2.38–6.26)b | 1.93 (1.12–3.35)b |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BZRAs, benzodiazepine receptor agonists; BZD, benzodiazepine.
aAdjusted for all confounders with P-value <0.05 listed in Table 1.
bP-value < 0.05.
cOnly oral formulation is available for Z-drug.