Table 3. Risk of oral cancer associated with the lifestyle risk factors among both sexes (84 cases, 174 controls) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, derived from conditional logistic regression (conditioned on age and sex).
Risk Factors | Casesn (%) | Controls n (%) | OR1 (95% CI) | OR2 (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-Economic Status | ||||
Low | 39 (46.4) | 66 (37.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Medium | 41 (48.8) | 94 (54.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) |
High | 4 (4.8) | 14 (8.0) | 0.5 (0.1–1.5) | 0.5 (0.1–1.7) |
Smoking | ||||
Never | 56 (66.6) | 147 (84.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Ever | 28 (33.3) | 27 (15.5) | 3.0 (1.5–5.8) | 2.2 (1.4–4.9) |
Alcohol | ||||
Never | 80 (95.2) | 171 (98.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Ever | 4 (4.7) | 3 (1.8) | 2.7 (0.6–12.1) | 0.7 (0.1–4.1) |
Naswar | ||||
Never | 17 (20.2) | 126 (72.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Ever | 67 (79.7) | 48 (27.5) | 22.9 (9.2–57.4) | 21.2 (8.4–53.8) |
Current | 46 (54.7) | 28 (16.1) | 28.0 (10.5–74.0) | 27.4 (10.0–74.7) |
Past | 21 (25.0) | 20 (11.4) | 16.4 (5.8–46.7) | 14.3 (4.9–41.2) |
Naswar Pack Years | ||||
0 | 17 (20.2) | 126 (72.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1–10 | 16 (19.0) | 16 (9.1) | 15.3 (5.2–44.9) | 12.5 (4.1–38.0) |
11–20 | 27 (32.1) | 15 (8.6) | 28.7 (9.9–82.8) | 26.5 (9.0–78.2) |
>20 | 24 (28.5) | 17 (9.7) | 28.3 (9.3–86.2) | 28.9 (9.3–90.2) |
Naswar dip duration (minutes) | ||||
0 | 17 (20.2) | 126 (72.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1–5 | 19 (22.6) | 39 (22.2) | 8.5 (3.1–23.3) | 7.2 (2.5–20.4) |
6–10 | 23 (27.3) | 6 (3.4) | 67.6 (18.6–245.6) | 61.8 (16.6–229.5) |
>10 | 25 (29.7) | 3 (1.8) | 142.2 (31.1–650.5) | 136.2 (29.1–638.2) |
Naswar Saliva * | ||||
Swallow | 20 (29.8) | 8 (20.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Spit | 47 (70.1) | 40 (79.1) | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | 0.4 (0.1–1.4) |
Naswar Type | ||||
Non-user | 17 (20.2) | 126 (72.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Black | 50 (59.5) | 37 (21.2) | 22.2 (8.6–56.7) | 21.3 (8.2–55.4) |
Green | 17 (20.2) | 11 (6.3) | 25.9 (8.0–83.0) | 21.0 (6.4–68.9) |
* Ever users only;
OR1: Basic model conditioned for age and sex;
OR2: Basic model adjusted for other MAS variables.