Fig. 2.
Effect of crude polysaccharide (CCP-0) from cold-brew coffee on macrophage proliferation (A), and cytokine production [interleukin (IL)-6 (B), IL-12 (C), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (D)] by murine peritoneal macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages (2×105 cells/mL) were treated with various concentrations of CCP-0 in 96-well plates for 24 h. Cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. Five μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O127:B8 were used as positive control (PC); medium was used as negative control (NC). Significantly different from NC at **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 by Student’s t-test.