Table 3.
Association between menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) use and colorectal cancer risk among postmenopausal women in the Multiethnic Cohort Study, 1993–2012
| MHT use1 | Cases | HR (95% CI)2 | Cases3 | HR (95% CI)4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectum | ||||
| Never use | 1,052 | 1.00 (ref) | 903 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Past use | 605 | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 531 | 0.87 (0.78–0.97) |
| Current use | 470 | 0.72 (0.64–0.80) | 421 | 0.75 (0.66–0.84) |
| Ever use | 1,075 | 0.79 (0.72–0.86) | 952 | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) |
| E-alone ever use | 625 | 0.83 (0.75–0.92) | 547 | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) |
| E+P ever use | 450 | 0.73 (0.66–0.82) | 405 | 0.76 (0.68–0.86) |
| Past E-alone use | 384 | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 333 | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) |
| Past E+P use | 221 | 0.78 (0.68–0.91) | 198 | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) |
| Current E-alone use | 241 | 0.74 (0.64–0.85) | 214 | 0.77 (0.66–0.89) |
| Current E+P use | 229 | 0.69 (0.60–0.80) | 207 | 0.72 (0.62–0.84) |
| ≤2 years | 375 | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 328 | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) |
| 3–9 years | 263 | 0.73 (0.63–0.83) | 241 | 0.77 (0.66–0.89) |
| ≥10 years | 354 | 0.72 (0.64–0.82) | 315 | 0.74 (0.65–0.85) |
| Right colon | ||||
| Never use | 528 | 1.00 (ref) | 453 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Past use | 341 | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 291 | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) |
| Current use | 265 | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 234 | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) |
| Ever use | 606 | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 525 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) |
| Left colon | ||||
| Never use | 288 | 1.00 (ref) | 243 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Past use | 145 | 0.78 (0.64–0.95) | 131 | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) |
| Current use | 120 | 0.63 (0.50–0.78) | 108 | 0.69 (0.55–0.88) |
| Ever use | 265 | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | 239 | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) |
| Rectum | ||||
| Never use | 210 | 1.00 (ref) | 184 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Past use | 103 | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 94 | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) |
| Current use | 78 | 0.55 (0.43–0.72) | 72 | 0.57 (0.43–0.75) |
| Ever use | 181 | 0.65 (0.53–0.80) | 166 | 0.67 (0.54–0.83) |
E: estrogen; P: progesterone
1
All MHT variables are updated as time-dependent variables based on follow-up information.
2
Adjusted for age at cohort entry and ethnicity.
3
Excluding participants with missing information on covariates.
4
Further adjusted for family history of colorectal cancer, history of colorectal polyp, BMI, pack-years of cigarette smoking, multivitamin use, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, vigorous physical activity, alcohol consumption, total energy, red meat, calcium, folate, vitamin D, and dietary fiber.