Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of final sample

Variable	Total	Cognition trajectory			P value
		Decline to low	Decline but high	Persistent high
N (%)	1328	210 (15.81)	703 (52.94)	415 (31.25)
Age (years)	80.89 ± 4.38	83.70 ± 5.68	80.71 ± 4.01	79.78 ± 3.55	<0.001
Gender (%)
Female	832 (62.65)	136 (64.76)	434 (61.74)	262 (63.13)	0.71
Male	496 (37.35)	74 (35.24)	269 (38.26)	153 (36.87)
Nativity (%)
Born in US	742 (55.87)	95 (45.24)	360 (51.21)	287 (69.16)	<0.001
Born in Mexico	586 (44.13)	115 (54.76)	343 (48.79)	128 (30.84)
Education in years	5.10 ± 4.02	2.54 ± 3.06	4.14 ± 3.31	8.00 ± 3.90	<0.001
Marital status (%)
Not married	739 (55.65)	125 (59.52)	415 (59.03)	199 (47.95)	0.001
Married	589 (44.35)	85 (40.48)	288 (40.97)	216 (52.05)
Living arrangement (%)
Living alone	395 (29.74)	42 (20.00)	237 (33.71)	116 (27.95)	<0.001
Living with someone	933 (70.26)	168 (80.00)	466 (66.29)	299 (72.05)
Marital status/living arrangement (%)
Married and living with someone	580 (43.67)	84 (40.00)	282 (40.11)	214 (51.57)	<0.001
Married and living alone	9 (0.68)	1 (0.48)	6 (0.85)	2 (0.48)
Not married and living with someone	353 (26.58)	84 (40.00)	184 (26.17)	85 (20.48)
Not married and living alone	386 (29.07)	41 (19.52)	231 (32.86)	114 (27.47)
Physical functioning (%)
Help needed	342 (25.75)	94 (44.76)	198 (28.17)	50 (12.05)	<0.001
No help needed	986 (74.25)	116 (55.24)	505 (71.83)	365 (87.95)
Depressive symptoms (%)
CES-D > 16	209 (15.74)	45 (21.43)	146 (20.77)	18 (4.34)	<0.001
CES-D < 16	1119 (84.26)	165 (78.57)	557 (79.23)	397 (95.66)
Any heart disease (%)
Yes	381 (28.69)	63 (30.00)	221 (31.44)	97 (23.37)	0.01
No	947 (71.31)	147 (70.00)	482 (68.56)	318 (76.63)
Hearing problem (%)
Yes	297 (22.36)	71 (33.81)	153 (21.76)	73 (17.59)	<0.001
No	1031 (77.64)	139 (66.19)	550 (78.24)	342 (82.41)