Table 2.
Empowerment domain list
| Domain | Indicator |
|---|---|
| 1. Age | |
| 2. Education | Literacy |
| Years of education | |
| Vocational training pre-marriage | |
| Husband’s education | |
| 3. Occupation type/employment status | Paid employment duration |
| Paid (cash) employment (income) | |
| Worked pre-marriage | |
| Employment outside the home | |
| 4. Household income/wealth | Ownership of assets (Personal) income |
| 5. Urban/rural residence | |
| 6. Household structure | Head of household |
| Nuclear/extended family (marital intimacy) | |
| 7. Household decision-making | Overall weight of opinions/who usually gets their way/final say |
| Decision to seek health care or use medicines for self or family | |
| Decisions regarding children’s marriage/health care/ clothes/education/travel | |
| When and number of children to have or whether to foster | |
| Domestic and children related | |
| Household chores/cooking | |
| House repairs | |
| Management of finances/income | |
| Whether woman works outside home | |
| Who mainly decides spending money you earn | |
| Major/minor household purchases or sales | |
| Purchases of clothes/shoes/jewellery for self | |
| Decision to lease or buy land | |
| Decisions about leisure activities | |
| Socio-cultural and family relations | |
| Supporting/lending to/borrowing from family members (Decisions regarding) visits to friends/relatives | |
| 8. Reproductive decision-making | Reproductive/family planning decisions |
| Main decision-maker on number of children to have or agreement on ideal family size | |
| Overall weight of opinions/who usually gets their way/final say | |
| 9. Sexual decision-making | Can personally refuse husband/partner sex |
| Justifiability of wife beating for refusing sex (when tired/not in mood) or requesting condom when wife knows husband and has a sexually transmitted infection | |
| Sexual empowerment composite score | |
| Sexual and reproductive health. Resources: felt prepared for first sex | |
| Sexual and reproductive health. Resources: heard about sexually transmitted infection pre-martial | |
| Reproductive rights | |
| 10. Mobility/freedom of movement | Travel alone or accompanied |
| Community centre | |
| Fields (around village) | |
| Hospital/health centre | |
| Inside/outside village (next village) | |
| Market/shopping | |
| Neighbours | |
| Political/social meetings | |
| See a movie | |
| Sports ground | |
| Talk to unknown man | |
| Hypothetical right to unaccompanied travel | |
| Visit relatives or friends | |
| With/without permission | |
| Work outside home (as mobility indicator) | |
| 11. Financial autonomy/economic power | Allowed to set money aside |
| Wife has own savings scheme | |
| Personal savings/ownership of gold | |
| Authority to spend money | |
| Decide how to spend money | |
| Freedom to purchase | |
| Any say in major purchases, selling livestock, wife’s working outside the home | |
| Felt free to buy sari or small item of jewellery without permission from other household members | |
| Provided most or over half of family’s support | |
| Respondent has a say in household decision-making | |
| Respondent says she can survive without husband | |
| Can support self and dependants w/out husband | |
| Spending money on household items | |
| Spending women’s extra money | |
| Used her own income for business or money-lending | |
| Who manages family budget | |
| Wife has own income | |
| Worked for income in the last year | |
| Works for cash (and invests) | |
| Wife’s perceived control over family income | |
| Who mainly decides spending money woman earns | |
| Type of work (professional/agriculture) | |
| 12. Marriage or relationship | Age at marriage characteristics |
| Age/education/income/expenditures relative to spouse | |
| Marriage duration | |
| Whether spouse is a blood relative | |
| Ability to choose partner | |
| Husband lived in same area pre-marriage | |
| Husband primary source of social support | |
| Knew husband well/met husband pre-marriage | |
| Relationship power | |
| Egalitarian roles | |
| Partner’s participation in household chores | |
| Type of marriage (monogamous vs polygamous) | |
| Wife rank at marriage (sole, senior, junior) | |
| 13. (Freedom from) control by partner or family | Controlling attire (Freedom from) domination by family members |
| Exposure to actual/threat of physical/psychological/ sexual violence, coercion, abandonment or homelessness | |
| Fear of disagreeing with partner | |
| Money, land, jewellery or livestock taken against her will | |
| Preventing her from visiting natal home or working outside the home | |
| 14. Gender attitudes/beliefs of woman or partner | Son preference |
| Census-based pop status index | |
| Education level desired for sons and daughters | |
| Freedom to establish relationships (husband’s attitudes) | |
| Labour/gender (equity) roles attitudes | |
| Male partner’s responsibility to share domestic and child care work (husband’s attitudes) | |
| Perceived success in role of wife and mother | |
| Who should control the household budget | |
| Who should make decisions | |
| Wife needs husband’s permission to us family planning | |
| Women’s freedom of movement (husband’s attitudes) | |
| Freedom from domestic violence (husband’s attitudes) | |
| Whether husband is justified in beating wife | |
| 15. Exposure to public life | Awareness of political/legal/social activities |
| Campaigned for a political candidate | |
| Exposure to mass media | |
| Joined others to protest | |
| Knowledge of public officials/rights/benefit of marriage registration | |
| Participation in political/legal/social activities and organizations | |
| Participation in a Microfinance Intervention | |
| Radio ownership | |
| 16. Contraceptive, general self-efficacy and family planning knowledge | Ability to meet/get well-planned family health needs/ information |
| Ability to obtained desired option even when opposed | |
| Can and should control sexual and contraceptive situations | |
| Responsibility for direction of sexual activity | |
| Family planning self-efficacy to negotiate condom use among sex workers | |
| Family planning knowledge | |
| 17. Spousal communication | Discuss family planning (and/or fertility) |
| 18. Autonomy/empowerment composite score/scale | Composite empowerment scale/autonomy composite score |
| Composite household decision-making/family planning decision-making, mobility or autonomy |