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| Absolute contraindications | Relative contraindications |
|---|---|
| Previous neck surgery | Limitation of shoulder or neck mobility |
| Substernal goiter | Thyroid nodule >4 cm |
| Advanced thyroid cancer (invasion of adjacent structures, or metastasis to retropharyngeal or substernal lymph nodes) | Morbid obesity |
| Medullary or anaplastic thyroid cancer | Graves’ disease with substernal extension |
