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. 2017 Jul 10;7:4942. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05232-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation induces fragmentation and the subsequent elongation of mitochondria in primary microglial cultures. (a) Primary cultures of microglia were incubated with or without LPS for 2, 6 and 12 hr and then immunocytochemically stained (ICC) for markers of microglia (Iba1), the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM and TOM20), and inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM and COX I). Representative images of immunofluorescence for Iba1 (b1-4), TOM20 (c1-4), and COX I (d1-4), the circularity (proportional to cellular area/perimeter²) (e), and mitochondrial length measured as the length of TOM20- (c, arrows, f) and COX I-positive (d, arrows, g) profiles are shown. Cont: unstimulated cultures. ****p < 0.0001 in the U-test. N (Cont, 2 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr) = (130, 120, 128, 113) cells in (e), (2538, 3626, 3162, 2259) mitochondria in (f), and (1135, 1704, 1280, 1348) mitochondria in (g). Medians (bars) and quartile ranges (boxes) are shown (e–g). Bars: 50 μm (b), 20 μm (c,d).