Table 1.

Summary of Tukey’s posthoc tests for all linear contrasts of all models.

Analysis	Response variable	Type of model	Contrasts (Tukey’s post hoc tests)
			Forest-suburban			Forest-urban			Urban-suburban
			Estimate	Std. error	P value	Estimate	Std. error	P value	Estimate	Std. error	P value
Life history and body mass	Lay date	Poisson GLM	−0.13	0.05	0.018	−0.08	0.05	0.205	0.05	0.05	0.571
	Clutch size	Poisson GLM	−0.10	0.09	0.488	−0.13	0.09	0.291	−0.03	0.10	0.946
	Hatch date	Poisson GLM	−0.07	0.04	0.133	−0.04	0.04	0.503	0.03	0.04	0.671
	Hatching success	Binomial GLM	0.97	0.46	0.088	−0.48	0.43	0.502	−1.45	0.35	<0.001
	Fledging success	Binomial GLM	−7.13	1.87	<0.001	−12.50	2.25	<0.001	−5.38	1.13	<0.001
	Number of fledglings	Poisson GLM	−0.65	0.14	<0.001	−2.59	0.31	<0.001	−1.94	0.32	<0.001
	Nestling body mass at day 13	LMM	−1.69	0.32	<0.001	−1.37	0.41	0.002	0.32	0.45	0.755
	Adult body mass	LMM	−0.25	0.55	0.891	0.12	0.46	0.965	0.37	0.56	0.789
Caterpillars	Total weight (log)	LMM				−0.01	0.003	<0.001
	Total numbers (log)	LMM				−0.60	0.08	<0.001
Provisioning behaviour	Visits per nestling (log)	LMM	0.04	0.21	1.000	0.49	0.16	0.007	0.45	0.21	0.098
	Total visits per nest	LMM	−6.59	3.98	0.292	−6.57	3.06	0.096	0.03	3.98	1.000
	Caterpillar volume (log)	LMM	−0.33	0.36	0.631	−0.66	0.28	0.049	−0.33	0.36	0.639
	Number of caterpillars	LMM	−9.49	2.78	0.002	−13.02	2.14	<0.001	−3.52	2.78	0.411
	Number of other arthropods (log)	LMM	0.10	0.41	0.967	0.42	0.31	0.344	0.32	0.41	0.707
	Number of unidentified items	LMM	2.02	1.30	0.264	3.94	0.96	<0.001	1.92	1.31	0.304
Stable isotopes	Eggs δ13C	LM				1.11	0.47	0.031
	Eggs δ15N	LM				−0.47	0.22	0.050
	Adults δ13C	LM	0.66	0.17	0.001	0.71	0.15	<0.001	0.05	0.18	0.959
	Adults δ15N	LM	−0.47	0.36	0.387	0.23	0.31	0.734	0.71	0.38	0.161
	Nestlings δ13C	LM	0.74	0.23	0.009	0.76	0.22	0.005	0.02	0.26	0.997
	Nestlings δ15N	LM	−0.18	0.28	0.801	1.19	0.27	<0.001	1.37	0.32	0.001

For full model results see Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6. Bold characters highlight significant differences.