. 2017 Jul 10;7:5014. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04575-y

Table 2.

Estimated least square means obtained from model predictions (full models given in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6).

Analysis	Response variable	Type of model	Estimated means
			Forest		Suburban		Urban
			Mean	Std. error	Mean	Std. error	Mean	Std. error
Life history and body mass	Lay date	Poisson GLM	3.45 (31.46)	0.03	3.32 (27.67)	0.04	3.37 (29.1)	0.03
	Clutch size	Poisson GLM	2.15 (8.59)	0.06	2.05 (7.75)	0.07	2.02 (7.52)	0.07
	Hatch date	Poisson GLM	4.03 (56.41)	0.02	3.96 (52.55)	0.03	3.99 (54.23)	0.03
	Hatching success	Binomial GLM	1.15 (0.76)	0.32	2.12 (0.89)	0.34	0.67 (0.66)	0.30
	Fledging success	Binomial GLM	5.98 (0.99)	1.26	−1.15 (0.24)	1.05	−6.52 (0.01)	1.31
	Number of fledglings	Poisson GLM	1.62 (5.06)	0.08	0.97 (2.63)	0.12	−0.97 (0.38)	0.30
	Nestling body mass at day 13	LMM	11.36	0.18	9.67	0.26	9.98	0.37
	Adult body mass	LMM	11.39	0.32	11.14	0.45	11.51	0.33
Caterpillars	Total weight	LMM	0.013	0.003			0.001	0.003
Caterpillars	Total numbers (log)	LMM	0.65 (1.92)	0.09			0.06 (1.06)	0.09
Provisioning behaviour	Visits per nestling (log)	LMM	1.33 (3.74)	0.11	1.36 (3.91)	0.18	1.81 (6.10)	0.11
	Total visits per nest	LMM	20.22	2.16	13.62	3.34	13.65	2.17
	Caterpillar volume (log)	LMM	4.90 (134.12)	0.20	4.57 (96.34)	0.30	4.24 (69.49)	0.20
	Number of caterpillars	LMM	16.96	1.51	7.47	2.33	3.94	1.51
	Number of other arthropods (log)	LMM	0.86 (2.37)	0.22	0.97 (2.63)	0.35	1.29 (3.63)	0.22
	Number of unidentified items	LMM	1.66	0.68	3.68	1.12	5.60	0.69
Stable isotopes	Eggs δ¹³C	LM	−23.70	0.33			−22.59	0.33
	Eggs δ¹⁵N	LM	5.32	0.16			4.84	0.16
	Adults δ¹³C	LM	−25.60	0.10	−24.94	0.14	−24.89	0.11
	Adults δ¹⁵N	LM	5.86	0.20	5.39	0.29	6.09	0.23
	Nestlings δ¹³C	LM	−26.60	0.13	−25.85	0.19	−25.83	0.17
	Nestlings δ¹⁵N	LM	5.61	0.16	5.43	0.23	6.81	0.21

For GLMs as well as LMMs in which the response variable was log-transformed, we give both the estimated mean and in brackets the back-transformed mean. The standard errors of those means are not back-transformed.