Table 3.

Potential marker metabolites in mice kidney identified by ¹H-NMR and their fold changes among groups and the associated p-values.

No.	Metabolites	Model vs. Control		CNC vs. Model		JHC vs. Model
		FCa	p-valueb	FC	p-value	FC	p-value
1	Lipids	0.67	**	1.48		1.31
2	Isoleucine	1.11		0.66	***	0.86	***
3	Leucine	1.23		0.74		0.88	**
4	Valine	0.95		0.42		1.06
5	Lactate	0.87		0.94		1.02
6	Alanine	1.15		0.93		0.97
7	Lysine	1.2		0.7	***	0.91
8	Acetate	1.18		0.82		1.28	***
9	Glutamate	0.95		0.82	***	1.1
10	Glutamine	1.06		0.73	***	1.02
11	Succinate	0.86		1.05		1.31
12	Glutathione	1.05		0.93		1.02
13	Methionine	1.15		0.72		0.91
14	Aspartate	1.2		0.79	***	1.07
15	Dimethylamine	3.03	**	0.48	***	0.32	***
16	Creatine	1.03		0.68	***	1.02
17	PCr	1.03		0.68	***	1.02
18	Choline	1.13		1.11	***	1.06
19	OPC	0.93		0.92		1.03
20	Betaine	1.04		1.09		0.95
21	Taurine	0.98		1.09		1.08
22	Glucose	0.71		0.77		0.95
23	Maltose	1.25	**	0.72	***	0.97
24	Glycine	1.18		0.98		1.02
25	Uridine	1.17		0.88	*	1.17
26	Inosine	0.99		0.69	***	1.14
27	Fumarate	1.18		1.01		1.1
28	Tyrosine	1.11		0.73		0.87
29	Phenylalanine	1.21		0.85		0.93
30	Hypoxanthine	1.14		0.75	**	1.11
31	Histidine	1.15		0.85		1.17
32	Nicotinurate	1.04		0.95		1.19
33	Cytosine	1		0.9		1.29
34	Guanosine	1.08		1.04		1.04
35	UDP-galactose	0.98		0.96		1.15
36	Formate	1.52		0.74

^aColor coded according to the fold change value, red represents increased and blue represents decreased concentrations of metabolites.

^bp-values corrected by BH (Benjamini Hochberg) methods were calculated based on a parametric Student's t-test or a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test (dependent on the conformity to normal distribution).

^*p < 0.05,

^**p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001.