Table 2.
Cohort characteristics
| Variable | Value | Number of subjects (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age | Mean (SD) | 55.5 (11.2) |
| Median (range) | 58 (18–79) | |
| Gender | Female | 784 (40.0%) |
| Male | 1175 (60.0%) | |
| Geographic region of residence | North central | 573 (29.2%) |
| Northeast | 304 (15.5%) | |
| West | 328 (16.7%) | |
| South | 743 (37.9%) | |
| Unknown | 11 (0.6%) | |
| Health plan typea | HMO | 307 (15.7%) |
| EPO/PPO | 1094 (55.8%) | |
| POS | 177 (9.0%) | |
| Comprehensive | 210 (10.7%) | |
| HDHP/CDHP | 151 (7.7%) | |
| Unknown | 20 (1.0%) | |
| Comorbidities | Chronic pulmonary disease | 487 (24.9%) |
| Renal disease | 427 (21.8%) | |
| Diabetes | 345 (17.6%) | |
| Liver disease | 201 (10.3%) | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 145 (7.4%) | |
| Asthma | 130 (6.6%) | |
| Congestive heart failure | 125 (6.4%) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 99 (5.1%) | |
| History of myocardial infarction | 63 (3.2%) | |
| Rheumatologic disease | 43 (2.2%) | |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 34 (1.7%) | |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 18 (0.9%) | |
| HIV/AIDS | 9 (0.5%) | |
| Dementia | 3 (0.2%) |
a HMO health maintenance organization, EPO exclusive provider organization, PPO preferred provider organization, POS point of service, HDHP high-deductible health plan, CDHP consumer-driven health plan