Table 4.
Mixed model analysis with the reported Event Related Potentials, ERPs, as dependent variables.
| ASD vs. TD | (ASD–ADHD) vs. TD | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| β (confidence−interval), p | β (confidence−interval), p | ||
| CNV | All | −0.08 (−0.63 to 0.48), p = 0.79 | −0.15 (−0.78 to 0.48), p = 0.63 |
| <16 years | 0.56 (−0.25 to 1.36), p = 0.17 | 0.75 (−0.23 to 1.74), p = 0.13 | |
| ≥16 years | −0.86 (−1.55 to −0.18), p = 0.015* | −1.01 (−1.74 to −0.28), p = 0.008** | |
| Interaction with age group | p = 0.017* | p = 0.006** | |
| N2 Go | All | 0.53 (−0.44 to 1.50), p = 0.28 | −0.29 (−1.30 to 0.72), p = 0.57 |
| <16 years | 0.73 (−0.56 to 2.03), p = 0.26 | −0.57 (−1.83 to 0.70), p = 0.37 | |
| ≥16 years | 0.26 (−1.27 to 1.80), p = 0.73 | 0.04 (−1.61 to 1.69), p = 0.96 | |
| Interaction with age group | p = 0.68 | p = 0.44 | |
| N2 NoGo | All | 0.07 (−1.18 to 1.32), p = 0.91 | −1.25 (−2.71 to −0.28), p = 0.016* |
| <16 years | 0.89 (−0.99 to 2.76), p = 0.35 | −1.45 (−3.34 to 0.44), p = 0.13 | |
| ≥16 years | −0.98 (−2.57 to 0.60), p = 0.22 | −1.43 (−3.01 to 0.15), p = 0.075 | |
| Interaction with age group | p = 0.20 | p = 0.76 | |
| N2−effecta | All | 0.46 (−0.47 to 1.39), p = 0.33 | 1.21 (0.17 to 2.24), p = 0.023* |
| <16 years | −0.15 (−0.39 to 1.08), p = 0.80 | 0.88 (−0.58 to 2.34), p = 0.23 | |
| ≥16 years | 1.24 (−0.18 to 2.67), p = 0.085 | 1.47 (0.07 to 3.01), p = 0.060 | |
| Interaction with age group | p = 0.19 | p = 0.69 | |
| Cue P3 | All | 0.43 (−0.56 to 1.42), p = 0.39 | 0.23 (−0.80 to 1.26), p = 0.66 |
| <16 years | 0.22 (−1.15 to 1.59), p = 0.75 | −0.11 (−1.69 to 1.47), p = 0.89 | |
| ≥16 years | 0.78 (−0.63 to 2.19), p = 0.27 | 0.42 (−0.92 to 1.76), p = 0.53 | |
| Interaction with age group | p = 0.78 | p = 0.95 | |
| P3 Go | All | 0.34 (−0.98 to 1.67), p = 0.61 | 0.92 (−0.62 to 2.46), p = 0.24 |
| <16 years | 0.32 (−1.63 to 2.28), p = 0.74 | 0.43 (−2.15 to 3.02), p = 0.74 | |
| ≥16 years | 0.45 (−1.30 to 2.22), p = 0.60 | 1.21 (−0.51 to 2.93), p = 0.16 | |
| Interaction with age group | p = 0.92 | p = 0.90 | |
| P3 NoGo | All | −0.08 (−2.16 to 1.99), p = 0.99 | 1.11 (−1.35 to 3.57), p = 0.37 |
| <16 years | −0.95 (−3.68 to 1.77), p = 0.49 | −0.27 (−3.95 to 3.41), p = 0.88 | |
| ≥16 years | 1.16 (−1.92 to 4.25), p = 0.45 | 2.16 (−1.15 to 5.47), p = 0.20 | |
| Interaction with age group | p = 0.49 | p = 0.56 |
a
N2-effect, N2 Go vs. N2 NoGo.
*
Significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**
Significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). The fixed effects were diagnostic group [typically developing (TD) vs. autism spectrum disorder (ASD)], task (VCPT vs. ECPT) and gender. We first analyzed using the whole sample, then separately for each age group. We then included the interaction between age group and diagnostic group. The analyses were finally recomputed for the groups TD vs. ASD without comorbid ADHD (ASD–ADHD).