Table 3.
Systematic review quality (N=20).
| Systematic review | R-AMSTAR Itema | Score | ||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
| Tsai et al, 2005 [22] | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 29 |
| Weinstein, 2006 [12] | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 |
| Sharma, 2007 [23] | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 23 |
| Neve et al, 2009 [14] | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 37 |
| Osei-Assibey et al, 2010 [24] | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 32 |
| Arem and Irwin, 2011 [13] | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 25 |
| Burke et al, 2011 [25] | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 |
| Manzoni et al, 2011 [16] | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 24 |
| Young et al, 2011 [26] | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 34 |
| Kodama et al, 2012 [15] | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 27 |
| Reed et al, 2012 [17] | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 34 |
| Wieland et al, 2012 [18] | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 38 |
| Chang et al, 2013 [19] | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 33 |
| Grunenberg et al, 2013 [21] | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 31 |
| Bennett et al, 2014 [20] | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 34 |
| Hartmann-Boyce et al, 2014 [27] | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 43 |
| Altman and Wilfley, 2015 [28] | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 24 |
| Gilmartin and Murphy, 2015 [29] | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 30 |
| Levine et al, 2015 [30] | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 34 |
| Raaijmakers et al, 2015 [31] | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 30 |
| Mean | 3.32 | 3.55 | 3.60 | 2.30 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 2.80 | 2.55 | 2.20 | 1.95 | 1.25 | 30.50 |
| Median | 3.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 30.50 |
| SD | 0.48 | 1.10 | 0.75 | 1.17 | 0.86 | 0.00 | 1.51 | 1.50 | 1.40 | 1.39 | 0.79 | 5.54 |
| IQR | 1 | 0 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.25 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 9.25 |
a Item 1: a priori design; item 2: duplicate study selection and data extraction; item 3: comprehensive literature search; item 4: publication status as an inclusion criteria; item 5: list of included and excluded studies; item 6: characteristics of included studies; item 7: documented assessment of the scientific quality of included studies; item 8: appropriate use of the scientific quality in forming conclusions; item 9: appropriate use of methods to combine study findings; item 10: assessment of publication bias likelihood; item 11: conflict of interest documentation.