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. 2017 Jul 7;8:16045. doi: 10.1038/ncomms16045

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) Plot of the area of the tracked FA_0.85MA_0.15PbI_2.55Br_0.45 perovskite crystal island as a function of time. The tracked island centre is marked with P in b and c. (b) Voronoi cell diagram of perovskite islands at time t₀, and the centre of the tracked island is labelled as P. The inset illustrates the topological relationship of R_eff+δ<R_Vor, where R_eff is the effective radius of the perovskite island, δ is the solute diffusion length, and R_Vor is the effective radius of the corresponding Voronoi cell. (c) Voronoi cell diagram of perovskite islands at time t₀+9 s, and the centre of the tracked island is labelled as P. The inset depicts the topological relationship of R_eff+δ>R_Vor. (d) Eighteen selected perovskite islands and the corresponding Voronoi cells for tracking the perovskite crystal growth rate as a function of the Voronoi cell area for each crystal island from time to +3 s. (e) Plot of the average growth rate of the eighteen perovskite crystal islands as a function of their Voronoi cell areas. Error bars denote the s.d. of the data collected from time to +3 s.

Inline graphic — (a) Plot of the area of the tracked FA_0.85MA_0.15PbI_2.55Br_0.45 perovskite crystal island as a function of time. The tracked island centre is marked with P in b and c. (b) Voronoi cell diagram of perovskite islands at time t₀, and the centre of the tracked island is labelled as P. The inset illustrates the topological relationship of R_eff+δ<R_Vor, where R_eff is the effective radius of the perovskite island, δ is the solute diffusion length, and R_Vor is the effective radius of the corresponding Voronoi cell. (c) Voronoi cell diagram of perovskite islands at time t₀+9 s, and the centre of the tracked island is labelled as P. The inset depicts the topological relationship of R_eff+δ>R_Vor. (d) Eighteen selected perovskite islands and the corresponding Voronoi cells for tracking the perovskite crystal growth rate as a function of the Voronoi cell area for each crystal island from time to +3 s. (e) Plot of the average growth rate of the eighteen perovskite crystal islands as a function of their Voronoi cell areas. Error bars denote the s.d. of the data collected from time to +3 s.