Table 2.

Some suggested future research directions in estrogen and HT effects on skeletal muscle and connective tissue

HT/Estrogen Effects	Research Direction
Estrogen, HT, and muscle hypertrophy and repair	• Confirmation of estrogen and HT influences on signaling pathways related to inducing muscle hypertrophy and repair
	• Definition of interactive effects of estrogen and HT and resistance exercise on degree of muscle hypertrophic responses
	• Role of estrogen receptors and signalling in muscle satellite cell activation and proliferation in response to unaccustomed exercise
	• Potential short-term effect of estrogen or HT on the acquisition and maintenance of muscle mass and strength, for the recovery of atrophic muscle.
Estrogen, HT, and muscle strength	• Mechanisms by which estrogen and HT affect contractile proteins for enhance strength development
	• Role of estrogen receptors in enhanced muscle strength consequent to estrogen and HT exposure
Estrogen, HT, and muscle collagen and tendon modifications	• Mechanisms and signaling pathways by which estrogen and HT influence muscle collagen matrix remodeling at rest and in response to immobilization and training
	• Interactive effects and mechanisms of estrogen and HT or estrogen deficiency on tendon collagen at rest or in response to exercise
Resolve the questions related to timing and duration of HT	• Duration of optimal postmenopausal HT for overall health and muscle function