Table 6.
Hmox1 inducers in human studies of vascular disease
| Agent | Indication | Status | Outcome | NCT Nos. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemin | Plasma Hmox1 protein concentration | Completed | Increase in Hmox1 protein and activity at 24 and 48 h | NCT00882804 (36) |
| Resveratrol | Hmox1 mRNA expression | Completed | NCT01768507 | |
| Aspirin and simvastatin | Plasma Hmox1 protein concentration and venous monocyte Hmox1 protein activity | Completed | No increase in Hmox1 protein concentration or activity at 2 or 7 days | (35) |
| Nizatidine | Monocyte Hmox1 activity and plasma Hmox1 protein concentration | Completed | NCT02232308 | |
| Lisinopril | Monocyte Hmox1 activity and plasma Hmox1 protein concentration | Completed | NCT02232308 | |
| Curcumin | Peripheral blood monocyte Hmox1 protein concentration and mRNA expression | Completed | NCT00895167 | |
| Heme arginate | Peripheral blood monocyte Hmox1 protein concentration and mRNA expression | Completed | Increase in Hmox1 mRNA and protein content over 48 h | NCT00682370 (113) |
| Acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery | Not yet recruiting | NCT02142699 | ||
| Cardiac injury after myocardial infarction | Completed | NCT00483587 | ||
| Ischemia reperfusion injury following deceased donor renal transplants | Completed | NCT01430156 | ||
| Oxidative stress in the human heart | Not yet recruiting | NCT02314780 | ||
| Adenosine-induced vasodilation | Terminated | NCT00856817 | ||
| Reperfusion patterns after ischemia | Completed | Improvement in reperfusion patterns during ischemia-reperfusion injury measured via blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging | NCT01461512 (12) | |
| Probucol | Xanthoma regression in patients with hypercholesterolemia | Completed | Decrease in Achilles tendon thickness, serum total cholesterol, and HDL | (607) |
| Probucol Quantitative Regression Swedish Study (PQRST) trial | Completed | Decrease in serum total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and HDL2. No change in lumen volume, arterial edge roughness and amount of aorto-femoral atherosclerosis | 567 | |
| SECURE study | Completed | Decrease in serum total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and ApoAI; no significant change in plaque volume or composition between cilostazol plus probucol combination therapy versus cilostazol monotherapy | (255) | |
| Fukuoka Atherosclerosis Trial (FAST) | Completed | Decrease in serum LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol; intima-to-media ratio in common carotid artery; and incidence of cardiac events | (465) | |
| Efficacy of rapamycin and probucol co-eluting stent | Completed | Comparable differential safety profile of single or co-eluting stents in terms of death/MI, definite stent thrombosis, and target lesion revascularization at 2 yr | NCT00598533 (57) | |
| Succinobucol | Canadian Antioxidant Restenosis Trial (CART)-1 | Completed | Improved lumen dimension at site of percutaneous coronary intervention; decrease in restenosis | (532) |
| Canadian Antioxidant Restenosis Trial (CART)-2 | Completed | No significant improvement in atherosclerosis regression | (531) | |
| Aggressive Reduction of inflammation stop events (ARISE) | Completed | No benefit on time to first occurrence of cardiovascular event (primary end point); fewer incidences of composite secondary end point. Succinobucol increased occurrence of atrial fibrillation and bleeding episodes, and decreased LDL and HDL, systolic blood pressure, and glycated hemoglobin | NCT00066898 (533) | |
| Nrf2 induction | Bardoxolone methyl in pulmonary hypertension (LARIAT) | Currently recruiting | NCT02036970 |
NCT numbers refer to the unique identification code allocated to each clinical trial registered on http://clinicaltrials.gov. Reference numbers are given in parentheses. ApoAI, apolipoprotein A-I; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.