Table 5.

Effect of nutritional manipulation during pregnancy on the morphological and transport phenotype of the mouse placenta

			Weight, % Control		Placental Characteristics
Nutritional Challenge	Duration, days (D)	Age at Study, days (D)	Placenta	Fetus	Morphology	Transport	Reference Nos.
Undernutrition
Low calories
↓50%	D2 onwards	D12	↓12%	No change	↓Placental area		488
					↓Jz area
					↓Lz fetal capillary spaces
	D10 onwards	D19	↓38%	↓48%		↓Transport of glucose and leucine	207
						↑System A uptake
						↓Slc2a3, ↑Slc2a1
						↑Slc38a1 and Slc38a2
						↓LAT2 protein
↓20%	D3 onwards	D16	↓6%	No change	↓Jz volume	↓Slc2a1	120
		D19	↓9%	↓13%	↓Lz fetal capillary volumes	↑MeAIB transport
					↓Lz surface area	No change glucose transport
						↑Slc38a1& a2, ↓Slc38a4
	D3 onwards	D19	↓9%	↓13%	↓Lz fetal capillary volumes	↑MeAIB transport	495
					↓Lz surface area	↑Slc38a2
Low protein
10 vs. 20%	D11 onwards	D18	No change	↓16%	↑Apoptotic gene expression	↓ y+ system transporter mRNA	211
9 vs. 23%		D16	No change	No change	↓Jz % volume	↑Glucose transport	119
						No change MeAIB transport
						↑Slc2a1, ↑Slc38a2
9 vs. 18%	D1 onwards	D19	↑5%	↓9%	No change zone volumes	No change glucose or MeAIB transport
						↓Slc38a1 and a4, No change Slc2a1 and 3
	D1 onwards	D19	↓27%	↓13%	↓Vessel lengths		476
Overnutrition
High fat
58 vs. 10%	−17 wk onwards	D15	No change	No change		↑Slc38a2 and a4 mRNA	311
45 vs. 10%	−8 wk onwards	D18	No change	↑14%	↓%Lz, ↓ cell proliferation		309
15 vs. 5%	−4 wk onwards	D19	No change	↑20%		↑Lipid uptake and transport	451
						No change GLUT1, no change FATP1 and 4 proteins
32 vs. 11%	−4 wk onwards	D19	No change	↑30%		↑Glucose transport	293
						↑MeAIB transport
						↑GLUT1 and SNAT2 proteins
60 vs. 5%	-D30 onwards	D19	↓30%	No data	Fibrosis, endothelial damage		337
					Lz vascular pathology
High fat and sugar
Fat 30 vs. 11% Sugar 36 vs. 7%	D1 onwards	D16	↓11%	↓9%	↓Fetal capillary volume	↑Glucose transport	496
						↑MeAIB transport
						↑Slc2a3, ↑Slc38a2
		D19	↓8%	No change	↓Maternal blood spaces	No change glucose or MeAIB transport
					↓Lz surface area	No change Slc2a or Slc38a isoforms
					↓Barrier thickness	↑FATP1 protein