Table 2.
Mean consumption of energy, macronutrients and sodium per day and within and outside school hours, SPEEDY study, Norfolk, UK, 2007 to 2011.
| n = 351 | age 10 years |
age 14 years |
Adjusted mean change in consumption |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) # | Mean (SD) # | b (SE) a | ||
| Total energy (kJ) | Total daily intake | 6488.69 (1440.84) | 6786.08 (1956.09) | 247.06 (64.62)*** |
| Daily intake within school hours | 2449.99 (828.59) | 2492.62 (1083.36) | 52.86 (77.19) | |
| Daily intake outside school hoursb | 4850.25 (1286.5) | 5146.74 (1631.33) | 251.57 (84.6)** | |
| %E from protein | Total daily intake | 14.07 (2.43) | 14.07 (2.61) | 0.04 (0.20) |
| Daily intake within school hours | 13.20 (3.92) | 12.58 (4.64) | −0.53 (0.32) | |
| Daily intake outside school hoursb | 14.47 (2.77)*** | 14.65 (3.01)*** | 0.24 (0.25) | |
| %E from carbohydrates | Total daily intake | 52.08 (4.93) | 52.53 (5.72) | 0.43 (0.35) |
| Daily intake within school hours | 51.48 (8.24) | 51.41 (9.98) | 0.21 (0.75) | |
| Daily intake outside school hoursb | 52.55 (5.47)* | 53.08 (6.39)** | 0.45 (0.40) | |
| %E from sugars | Total daily intake | 23.58 (5.70) | 21.10 (7.13) | −2.64 (0.44)*** |
| Daily intake within school hours | 23.43 (9.68) | 20.4 (12.51) | −2.97 (0.81)*** | |
| Daily intake outside school hoursb | 23.64 (6.33) | 21.38 (7.76) | −2.46 (0.48)*** | |
| %E from fat | Total daily intake | 33.86 (4.69) | 33.32 (5.4) | −0.56 (0.33) |
| Daily intake within school hours | 35.35 (8.11) | 35.95 (9.29) | 0.21 (0.65) | |
| Daily intake outside school hoursb | 32.98 (5.17)*** | 32.19 (5.93)*** | −0.73 (0.37)* | |
| %E from saturated fatty acids | Total daily intake | 13.35 (2.62) | 12.83 (2.78) | −0.54 (0.18)** |
| Daily intake within school hours | 13.48 (4.77) | 13.49 (5.19) | −0.15 (0.39) | |
| Daily intake outside school hoursb | 13.13 (2.74) | 12.43 (3.05)*** | −0.69 (0.19)*** | |
| NSPs (g/MJ) | Total daily intake | 1.69 (0.42) | 1.75 (0.44) | 0.07 (0.03)* |
| Daily intake within school hours | 1.80 (0.80) | 1.78 (0.85) | 0.00 (0.08) | |
| Daily intake outside school hoursb | 1.68 (0.44)** | 1.77 (0.50) | 0.09 (0.03)** | |
| Sodium (mg/MJ) | Total daily intake | 310.86 (58.44) | 299.95 (64.96) | −9.06 (5.19) |
| Daily intake within school hours | 323.91 (102.57) | 316.87 (115.28) | −7.20 (7.90) | |
| Daily intake outside school hoursb | 306.89 (66.62)** | 293.92 (73.45)*** | −10.85 (5.91) |
Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation, b = beta coefficient, SE = standard error, kJ = kilojoules, %E = percentage total energy, NSPs = non-starch polysaccharides, MJ = megajoule total energy intake.
#Paired t-test to compare school with non-school consumption * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; comparison not made for energy intake due to differences in time segment covered.
a
Adjusted for gender, age, parental education, mis-reporting and level 2 school variables.
b
Daily intake outside school hours includes weekdays while not at school and weekend days.