Table 3.
Risk factors associated with hypertension, Rwanda 2013
| Variables | Weighted % | UOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | |||||||
| 15–24 | 7.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 25–34 | 13.2 | 1.79 | 1.42–2.25 | 0.000 | 1.69 | 1.25–2.80 | 0.001 |
| 35–44 | 19.1 | 2.77 | 2.19–3.50 | 0.000 | 2.53 | 1.84–3.48 | <0.001 |
| 45–54 | 27.8 | 4.52 | 3.56–5.74 | 0.000 | 4.37 | 3.14–6.10 | <0.001 |
| 55–64 | 39.9 | 7.80 | 6.08–10.00 | 0.000 | 8.02 | 5.63–11.42 | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 16.5 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Female | 14.4 | 0.85 | 0.74–0.97 | 0.018 | 0.75 | 0.63–0.88 | <0.001 |
| Locality | |||||||
| Rural | 15.0 | 1 | 1.0 | ||||
| Semi urban | 18.5 | 1.29 | 1.02–1.61 | 0.031 | 1.30 | 1.01–1.67 | 0.040 |
| Urban | 15.7 | 1.05 | 0.86–1.28 | 0.614 | 1.01 | 0.79–1.28 | 0.940 |
| Level of Education | |||||||
| No formal schoool | 20.8 | 1 | 1.0 | ||||
| Primary school | 14.2 | 0.63 | 0.54–0.74 | 0.000 | 0.92 | 0.77–1.10 | 0.354 |
| Secondary school | 15.0 | 0.67 | 0.53–0.84 | 0.001 | 1.22 | 0.93–1.60 | 0.151 |
| University and High | 16.9 | 0.77 | 0.47–1.28 | 0.322 | 1.01 | 0.58–1.78 | 0.962 |
| Marital Status | |||||||
| Never Married | 9.7 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Married/Cohabitating | 17.8 | 2.02 | 1.68–2.42 | 0.000 | 0.87 | 0.67–1.13 | 0.298 |
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 24.3 | 2.99 | 2.40–3.75 | 0.000 | 0.98 | 0.72–1.34 | 0.905 |
| Occupation | |||||||
| Employed/paid | 18.7 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Self-employed | 16.9 | 0.88 | 0.64–1.20 | 0.433 | 0.80 | 0.56–1.15 | 0.223 |
| Student | 5.0 | 0.23 | 0.14–0.38 | 0.000 | 0.45 | 0.25–0.80 | 0.007 |
| Unemployed | 16.4 | 0.85 | 0.58–1.26 | 0.430 | 0.84 | 0.55–1.30 | 0.441 |
| Not mentioned | 6.3 | 0.29 | 0.03–2.44 | 0.257 | - | - | |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Never smoked | 14.6 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Past smokers | 22.2 | 1.67 | 1.01–2.74 | 0.044 | 1.05 | 0.60–1.86 | 0.853 |
| Current smokers(non-daily) | 19.6 | 1.42 | 1.06–1.91 | 0.018 | 0.84 | 0.60–1.17 | 0.301 |
| Daily smokers | 20.9 | 1.54 | 1.26–1.90 | 0.000 | 0.83 | 0.65–1.06 | 0.145 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||
| No alcohol consuption | 12.7 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Alcohol consumption | 17.6 | 1.47 | 1.28–1.68 | 0.000 | 1.24 | 1.05–1.44 | 0.009 |
| Physical activity | |||||||
| Low | 16.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High | 13.7 | 0.78 | 0.68–0.90 | 0.000 | 1.01 | 0.86–1.18 | 0.892 |
| Fruit and vegetable consumption | |||||||
| 5 or more fruit/veg/day | 19.4 | 1 | - | - | |||
| < 5 servings fruit/veg /day | 15.4 | 0.75 | 0.41–1.37 | 0.358 | - | - | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| < 18.5 | 10.6 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 18.5–24.9 | 14.5 | 1.43 | 1.09–1.87 | 0.009 | 1.74 | 1.30–2.32 | 0.000 |
| 25–29.9 | 20.4 | 2.16 | 1.60–2.92 | 0.000 | 2.60 | 1.87–3.63 | 0.000 |
| ≥ 30 | 29.9 | 3.59 | 2.45–5.26 | 0.000 | 3.93 | 2.54–6.08 | 0.000 |
| Blood Glucose | |||||||
| < 5.1 mmol/l | 15.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 5.1–6.1 mmol/l | 14.9 | 0.96 | 0.58–1.60 | 0.885 | 0.76 | 0.46–1.28 | 0.31 |
| > =6.1 or took medication | 22.5 | 1.60 | 1.12–2.28 | 0.009 | 1.26 | 0.85–1-87 | 0.242 |
| Total Cholesterol | |||||||
| < 5.0 mmol/dl | 15.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| > = 5.0 mml/dl | 26.6 | 2.03 | 1.46–2.82 | 0.000 | 1.27 | 0.88–1.84 | 0.193 |
| HDL Cholesterol | |||||||
| Low | 14.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Normal HDL Cholesterol | 18.9 | 1.43 | 1.24–1.64 | 0.000 | 1.16 | 1.00–1.36 | 0.050 |