Table 4.
Multilevel models of associations of bullying victimization, cyberbullying perpetration, and cyberbullying victimization with individual- and school-level factors
| Significant bullying | Cyberbullying perpetration | Cyberbullying victimization | |||||||
| adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value | adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value | adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Female | 1.43 | 1.26206 1.619914 | <0.000 | 0.38 | .1972747 0.7490761 | 0.004 | 2.31 | 1.655916 3.226372 | <0.000 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| White British | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| White other | 1.16 | .940071 1.425895 | 0.2 | 2.08 | .766005 5.651757 | 0.1 | 1.38 | .8434737 2.254222 | 0.2 |
| Asian/Asian British | 0.99 | .8358366 1.164221 | 0.9 | 0.77 | .2594833 2.313221 | 0.6 | 0.81 | .5255289 1.254694 | 0.3 |
| Black/Black British | 1.17 | .965876 1.407702 | 0.1 | 1.99 | .7520412 5.260238 | 0.2 | 1.16 | .7219747 1.852542 | 0.5 |
| Mixed ethnicity | 1.25 | .9936084 1.565785 | 0.06 | 3.06 | 1.142718 8.189537 | 0.03 | 0.64 | .3147527 1.314576 | 0.2 |
| Other | 1.02 | .7956576 1.323007 | 0.8 | 0.44 | .0543722 3.594754 | 0.4 | 1.11 | .5857842 2.113013 | 0.7 |
| Family structure | |||||||||
| Two parents | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Single parent | 1.19 | 1.044057 1.35345 | 0.009 | 1.01 | .5154379 1.982387 | 0.1 | 1.44 | 1.042272 2.002339 | 0.03 |
| Socio-economic status | |||||||||
| FAS medium | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| FAS low | 1.34 | .9822942 1.834434 | 0.06 | 3.85 | 1.182666 12.54253 | 0.02 | 2.31 | 1.197309 4.476614 | 0.01 |
| FAS high | 1.09 | .9617164 1.229097 | 0.2 | 1.82 | .8781477 3.764663 | 0.1 | 1.37 | .9698386 1.935498 | 0.07 |
| Free School Meal | |||||||||
| Significant victimization | Cyberbullying perpetration | Cyberbullying victimization | |||||||
| School sex | adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value | adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value | adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value |
| Mixed sex | 1 | ||||||||
| Single sex F | 0.79 | .6177481 1.005942 | 0.056 | ||||||
| Single sex M | 1.38 | .9574116 1.987917 | 0.08 | ||||||
| School size | |||||||||
| Total number of students | |||||||||
| Type of school | |||||||||
| Converter - Academy Mainstream | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Voluntary aided | 0.63 | .4443628 .884386 | 0.008 | 0.50 | .0595084 4.179261 | 0.5 | 0.72 | .3356624 1.567076 | 0.4 |
| Community schools | 0.97 | .7399493 1.278299 | 0.8 | 3.89 | 1.447156 10.45903 | 0.007 | 1.63 | .9985184 2.66383 | 0.05 |
| Academy - sponsor led | 0.78 | .5902065 1.044216 | 0.1 | 2.49 | .8481433 7.335429 | 0.1 | 0.55 | .279567 1.076904 | 0.08 |
| Foundation school | 0.91 | .7016586 1.172529 | 0.4 | 3.95 | 1.571424 9.932699 | 0.003 | 0.98 | .5895541 1.61874 | 0.9 |
| IDACI | |||||||||
| IDACI score | |||||||||
| Ofsted | |||||||||
| Outstanding | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Good | 1.26 | 1.021447 1.546847 | 0.03 | 1.61 | .6172557 4.190908 | 0.3 | |||
| Requires Improvement | 1.12 | .8000499 1.58324 | 0.5 | 2.79 | .8696668 8.973181 | 0.08 | |||
| Value Added Score | |||||||||
| VA Value | |||||||||
The table shows the final model with intra-class correlation coefficients, student-level factors, and school-level factors associated to bullying victimization and cyberbullying outcomes