Table 2.
Characteristics of study sample
| Variable | Total (N = 307) | Weaned (n = 269) | Not weaned (n = 38) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 59.3 (14.4) | 59.6 (14.4) | 57.3 (14.4) | .36a |
|
| ||||
| Female sex, No. (%) | 161 (52.4) | 140 (52.0) | 21 (55.3) | .71b |
|
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| Race, No. (%) | .92b | |||
| White | 264 (86.0) | 232 (86.2) | 32 (84.2) | |
| Asian | 2 (0.7) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| American Indian | 6 (2.0) | 5 (1.9) | 1 (2.6) | |
| Black | 35 (11.4) | 30 (11.2) | 5 (13.2) | |
|
| ||||
| Group, No. (%) | .91b | |||
| Patient-directed music listening | 104 (33.9) | 92 (34.2) | 12 (31.6) | |
| Headphones | 99 (32.2) | 87 (32.3) | 12 (31.6) | |
| Usual care | 104 (33.9) | 90 (33.5) | 14 (36.8) | |
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| APACHE III score, mean (SD) | 62.9 (21.6) | 63.3 (21.4) | 59.6 (23.0) | .32a |
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| Required mechanical ventilation in past hospitalization, No. (%) | 143 (46.6) | 130 (48.3) | 13 (34.2) | .04b,c |
|
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| ICU days before study entry, median (range) | 7 (0–40) | 5 (0–40) | 2 (0–32) | .42a |
|
| ||||
| ICU days total, median (range) | 18 (2–71) | 14 (3–71) | 7.5 (2–40) | .05a |
|
| ||||
| Ventilator days before study entry, median (range) | 6 (0–38) | 4 (0–38) | 2 (0–32) | .35a |
|
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| Ventilator days total, median (range) | 8 (1–52) | 8 (1–53) | 5 (1–40) | .07a |
|
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| Airway type at enrollment, No. (%) | .12b | |||
| Endotracheal tube/oral | 249 (81.1) | 216 (80.3) | 33 (86.8) | |
| Nasal | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (2.6) | |
| Tracheostomy | 56 (18.2) | 52 (19.3) | 4 (10.5) | |
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| Ventilator status, No. (%) | .33b | |||
| Still receiving mechanical ventilation at study end | 123 (40.1) | 107 (39.8) | 16 (42.1) | |
| Discontinued after extubation | 145 (47.2) | 125 (46.5) | 20 (52.6) | |
| Discontinued after tracheostomy dome ≥24 h | 39 (12.7) | 37 (13.8) | 2 (5.3) | |
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| Primary indication for mechanical ventilation, No. (%) | .86b | |||
| Respiratory failure | 169 (55) | 145 (53.9) | 24 (63.2) | |
| Respiratory distress | 79 (25.7) | 71 (26.4) | 8 (21.1) | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 8 (2.6) | 7 (2.6) | 1 (1.0) | |
| Airway protection | 8 (2.6) | 7 (2.6) | 1 (1.0) | |
| Surgery | 7 (2.3) | 7 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 36 (11.7) | 32 (11.9) | 4 (10.5) | |
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| Primary medical diagnosis, No. (%) | .57b | |||
| Pulmonary | 182 (59.3) | 162 (60.2) | 20 (52.6) | |
| Cardiovascular | 37 (12.1) | 33 (12.3) | 4 (10.5) | |
| Gastrointestinal | 19 (6.2) | 19 (7.1) | 1 (2.6) | |
| Renal | 3 (1.0) | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Oncological | 10 (3.3) | 7 (2.6) | 3 (7.9) | |
| Neurological/neuromuscular | 16 (5.2) | 13 (4.8) | 3 (7.9) | |
| Trauma | 8 (2.6) | 6 (2.2) | 2 (5.3) | |
| Surgery | 3 (1.0) | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Sepsis/hypotension | 22 (7.2) | 18 (6.7) | 4 (10.5) | |
| Other | 6 (2.0) | 5 (1.9) | 1 (2.6) | |
|
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| Types of comorbid conditions | ||||
| Cardiovascular | 223 (72.6) | 199 (74.0) | 24 (63.2) | .23b |
| Pulmonary | 210 (68.4) | 186 (69.1) | 24 (63.2) | .58b |
| Cancer | 47 (15.3) | 40 (14.9) | 7 (18.4) | .53b |
| Renal | 76 (24.8) | 68 (25.3) | 8 (21.1) | .62b |
| Obesity | 46 (15.0) | 41 (15.2) | 5 (13.2) | .82b |
| Diabetes | 91 (29.6) | 83 (30.9) | 8 (21.1) | .24b |
| Sepsis | 36 (11.7) | 31 (11.5) | 5 (13.2) | .73b |
| Neurological | 89 (29.0) | 81 (30.1) | 8 (21.1) | .28b |
| Psychological | 69 (2.5) | 60 (22.3) | 9 (23.7) | .79b |
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| VAS-A score at study entry,d mean (SD) | 50.2 (31.1) | 50.6 (30.5) | 47.7 (35.2) | .60a |
|
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| Sedation intensity score at study entry, mean (SD) | 4.2 (2.6) | 4.1 (2.6) | 4.7 (2.5) | .73a |
|
| ||||
| Sedative dose frequency at study entry, mean (SD) | 6.4 (4.0) | 6.4 (4.0) | 6.2 (4.1) | .17a |
|
| ||||
| Patient alive at discharge, No. (%) | 279 (90.9) | 249 (92.6) | 30 (78.9) | .01b,c |
Abbreviations: APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICU, intensive care unit; VAS-A, visual analog scale for anxiety.
a
Independent samples t test.
b
χ2 test.
c
Statistically significant at P < .05.
d
VAS-A score at study entry was available for only 264 of 307 patients (86.0%).