Table 1.

Association between growth restriction, prematurity, and insulin resistance

Reference	Population	Major findings
Leger et al42	Young adults born SGA	SGA adults have higher glucose, insulin, and proinsulin and shorter than AGA adults
Kistner et al33	10-year old children born prematurely, SGA or AGA	SGA infants have higher peripheral insulin resistance Preterm infants have higher hepatic insulin resistance
Rotteveel et al48	Adults born preterm SGA	Increased triglycerides and insulin during a mixed meal test
Wang et al44	Term and early preterm infants at birth and in early childhood	Inverse relationship between gestational age and insulin levels at birth and during childhood
Crump et al45	Adults with a history of prematurity	They are more likely to be prescribed insulin and oral medications for diabetes as adults
Morrison et al46	Adults born ELBW infants	Adults who were ELBW infants are four times more likely to develop diabetes/prediabetes than adults who were born at term
Hovi et al47	Adults born VLBW infants	VLBW adults had higher insulin resistance and glucose intolerance than adults who were born at term

Abbreviations: AGA, appropriate for gestational age; ELBW, extremely low birth weight; SGA, small for gestational age; VLBW, very low birth weight.