Figure F.1.

Model mimics the effect of increasing muscle length on developed force and force transient. A. Experimental data showing increases in force with increasing muscle length (Figure reproduced from Janssen et al.[19], pending permission). B. Model simulations of the effect of increasing sarcomere length on force transients. Cardiac muscle model is held at sarcomere lengths indicated in the legend and stimulated at a frequency of 4 Hz. The stiffness of the series elastic element allows iso-sarcometric shortening (K_SE = 1000 kPa/μm). The model effectively matches the increase in force and increase in time-to-peak force seen in the experiments (A).