Table 2.

Various aspects on the mechanisms of IR radiation

Energy Transfer mechanism	Signal Pathway Mechanism
Electrical capacitance of cells regulated by IR Cellular structures (water, proteins, amino acids, lipids, etc.) Exclusion zone generated in water acts as a re-chargeable biological battery Interaction between IR and water molecules IR is absorbed and re-radiated as different electromagnetic wavelengths by tissue chromophores.	IR affects cellular redox state in mitochondria and modulates reactive oxygen species and ATP production. Stimulation of nitric oxide, cytochrome c oxidase, transcription factors, cytokines, growth factors, and inflammatory mediators, etc. Signaling via light or heat sensitive ion channels (Ionic pumps and molecular motors)[132] Signaling via cyclic AMP/GMP and G-protein coupled receptors, and inositol phosphate [132] IR induces in bulk water the release and transport of protons, activating membrane signaling pathways and transmembrane ion channel effects [133].

Energy Transfer mechanism

Signal Pathway Mechanism

Electrical capacitance of cells regulated by IR
Cellular structures (water, proteins, amino acids, lipids, etc.)
Exclusion zone generated in water acts as a re-chargeable biological battery
Interaction between IR and water molecules
IR is absorbed and re-radiated as different electromagnetic wavelengths by tissue chromophores.

IR affects cellular redox state in mitochondria and modulates reactive oxygen species and ATP production.
Stimulation of nitric oxide, cytochrome c oxidase, transcription factors, cytokines, growth factors, and inflammatory mediators, etc.
Signaling via light or heat sensitive ion channels (Ionic pumps and molecular motors)[132]
Signaling via cyclic AMP/GMP and G-protein coupled receptors, and inositol phosphate [132]
IR induces in bulk water the release and transport of protons, activating membrane signaling pathways and transmembrane ion channel effects [133].