TABLE 3.
Evidence for differentiation of human LECP
| Source of precursors | Comments | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cord blood | Hematopoietic CD34+ cells treated with VEGF-A differentiated into cells expressing LYVE-1 but not PROX-1 or PDPN. | 2009 | [53] |
| Cord blood | CD34+/VEGFR-3+ progenitors stimulated with VEGF-C differentiated into LYVE-1+/PROX-1+ cells that displayed endothelial morphology and performed endothelial functions. | 2014 | [60] |
| Cord blood | CD34+/VEGFR-3+ progenitors stimulated with VEGF-C differentiated into LYVE-1+ cells. The silencing of VEGFR-3 before differentiation prevented acquisition of the lymphatic phenotype. | 2014 | [50] |
| Cord blood | LECPs induced by VEGF-A and VEGF-C express lymphatic markers VEGFR-3, LYVE-1, and PDPN. Injection of these cells into the eyes of the mice induced lymphovasculogenesis. | 2014 | [57] |
| Peripheral blood | CD34+/CD133+/VEGFR-3+ progenitors stimulated with VEGF-A and VEGF-C differentiated into LYVE-1+/VE-cadherin+/PDPN+ cells that displayed endothelial morphology and performed endothelial-specific functions. | 2003 | [52] |
| Peripheral blood | CD14+ monocytes, stimulated with LPS, VEGF-C, IL-3, and TNF-α, differentiated into LYVE-1+/PROX-1+/PDPN+ cells. | 2011 | [49] |
| Peripheral blood | Monocyte-derived, lymphatic-like cells complexed with platelets significantly accelerated wound healing via increase of new lymphatic vessels. | 2014 | [20] |
| Peripheral blood | Aberrant LECPs in patients in lymphatic malformations coexpressed markers for stem cells, endothelial progenitors, and differentiated LECs. | 2016 | [62] |
| Pluripotent stem cell line | Pluripotent immortalized stem cell lines stimulated with VEGF-A and VEGF-C differentiated into LECP. When injected into wound healing and melanoma models, differentiated cells significantly increased lymphatic vessel formation. | 2015 | [2] |
| MSC | Human mesenchymal cells and multipotent mesenchymal cell lines differentiated into LECP-enhanced lymphatic vascularization in vivo. | 2009 | [46] |
| Adipose tissue progenitors | ADSCs were differentiated into LEC-like cells using VEGF-C. Differentiated cells implanted into Matrigel plugs increased lymphangiogenesis in vivo. | 2011 | [103] |
| Adipose tissue progenitors | Differentiation of ADSCs with a VEGFR-3-specific ligand VEGF-C156S up-regulated LEC-specific but not blood vascular-specific markers, such as CD31. | 2015 | [47] |