Table 2.
Comparison of mean level (95% CI) of pollutants by room and home type
| Home type | Room type | PM2.5 gravimetric samples (μg/m3) | BC (μg/m3) | CO (ppm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hookah | Smoking | 428.6 (50.3 to 806.9)*,†,‡ | 5.4 (1.9 to 8.9)‡ | 11.0 (8.2, 13.7)*,†,‡ |
| Hookah | Non-smoking | 210.8 (78.4 to 343.2)§ | 3.7 (1.7 to 5.8) | 5.8 (2.1 to 13.0)†,§,¶ |
| Cigarette | Smoking | 201.2 (101.3 to 301.1)** | 4.2 (2.2 to 6.2)** | 2.3 (1.6 to 3.0)‡,**,†† |
| Cigarette | Non-smoking | 96.7 (45.5 to 147.9) | 3.0 (1.5 to 4.6) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.2)§ |
| Non-smoking | – | 93.2 (66.2 to 120.1) | 2.1 (1.4 to 2.9) | 1.5 (0.5 to 1.9) |
| Regulatory standard‡‡ | – | 35 | – | 9 |
t-test was conducted after log-transformation of pollutant levels.
*
Hookah smoking versus hookah non-smoking (p<0.05).
†
Hookah/cigarette non-smoking versus cigarette/hookah smoking (p<0.05).
‡
Hookah/cigarette smoking versus non-smoking home (p<0.05).
§
Hookah/cigarette non-smoking versus non-smoking home (p<0.05).
¶
Hookah non-smoking versus cigarette non-smoking (p<0.05).
**
Cigarette smoking versus cigarette non-smoking (p<0.05).
††
Hookah smoking versus cigarette smoking (p<0.05).
‡‡
The regulatory standard for PM2.5 and CO are the U.S. EPA’s 24hour and 8 hour standards, respectively. There is no regulatory level for BC.
BC, black carbon; CO, carbon monoxide; PM, particulate matter <2.5 μm.