Fig. 6.

Each graph shows the resistance allele frequency over time under continuous application of three doses: full dose (solid line), 50% full dose (dashed line), 10% full dose (dotted line). In the first row the populations have the default parameter values, except with no immigration between the untreated and treated populations (Table 1). The second row has a partially recessive dominance (ϕ = 0.25), high immigration (${\iota }_I=0.1$, but ${\iota }_E=0.0$) between the treated and untreated populations, and a high full dose efficacy of 97%. These combinations are shown for each reproduction strategy in each column: sexual and diploid (a) and (d); asexual and diploid (b) and (e); sexual and haplodiploid (c) and (f). Note that the parameters for the second row of simulations were selectively chosen to highlight an alternative outcome.