Fig. 7.

Plots exploring the range of results for each of the three reproduction strategies (each row, from top to bottom: sexual and diploid; asexual and diploid; sexual and haplodiploid) and two levels of immigration (low immigration, ${\iota }_I=0.01$; high immigration: ${\iota }_I=0.1$), and with or without emigration from the treated population (no emigration, ${\iota }_E=0.0$; with emigration, ${\iota }_E={\iota }_I$). Each individual plot illustrates three metrics (see below and Box 1) when the mortality of a full dose of insecticide is varied from 80% to 99%, and dominance of the resistance allele is varied from fully recessive ($\varphi =0.0$) to fully dominant ($\varphi =$1.0). The three metrics depicted are: i) whether a full insecticide dose causes the R allele to not increase (area with diagonal lines); ii) whether reducing the dose from full dose to 50% of that dose leads to the R allele increasing where previously it had not (red area) or vice versa whether reducing the dose leads to the R allele becoming indefinitely low where previously it had increased (blue area); iii) whether reducing the full dose to 50% of that dose leads to an increase in the R allele frequency after 20 years (grey area). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)