Fig. D.1.

The resistance frequency of a population when challenged with a full dose of insecticide (black) and a half dose of insecticide (green), when the insect population in question has no fitness cost (solid line) or a 10% fitness cost ($FC=0.1$) to being resistant (dashed line). The left hand column represents a sexually reproducing diploid population; the middle column an asexually reproducing diploid population; and the right column a sexually reproducing haplodiploid population. The top row has no immigration or emergence; and each subsequent row contains simulations from an insect population with higher immigration (low (${\iota }_I=0.001$), medium (${\iota }_I=0.01$) and high (${\iota }_I=0.1$)), but no emigration (${\iota }_E=0.0$).