Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Male Participants by Healthy Lifestyle Scores (n=36,703).
| Healthy lifestyle scores at baseline | p for trend |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 [n=134 (0.4%)] |
1 [n=1,654 (4.5%)] |
2 [n=5,967 (16.3%)] |
3 [n=11,535 (31.4%)] |
4 [n=12,302 (33.5%)] |
5 [n=5,111 (13.9%)] |
||
| Baseline data | |||||||
| Age (years) | 55.8 (8.8) | 57.8 (9.3) | 60.8 (8.8) | 63.1 (8.4) | 64.8 (7.6) | 66.7 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| History of stroke (%) | 3.7 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 4.6 | <0.001 |
| History of heart disease (%) | 5.2 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 7.2 | <0.001 |
| History of renal failure (%) | 0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.65 |
| Comorbidities (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 50.7 | 49.0 | 48.4 | 47.7 | 43.3 | 42.2 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 15.7 | 14.6 | 13.5 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.9 | 0.03 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 39.6 | 34.9 | 32.8 | 33.0 | 32.6 | 32.8 | 0.16 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 (2.2) | 25.5 (3.2) | 24.5 (3.3) | 23.8 (3.0) | 22.8 (2.4) | 22.2 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131 (15) | 130 (17) | 131 (17) | 130 (17) | 129 (16) | 129 (16) | 0.02 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 82 (11) | 80 (11) | 79 (11) | 78 (10) | 77 (10) | 76 (10) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 55 (14) | 55 (15) | 57 (15) | 58 (15) | 59 (16) | 61 (15) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 125 (33) | 121 (32) | 121 (31) | 121 (29) | 121 (28) | 121 (27) | 0.13 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 147 [103, 217] | 134 [93, 202] | 118 [84, 171] | 106 [76, 151] | 97 [70, 136] | 88 [65, 122] | <0.001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 106 (23) | 103 (26) | 101 (22) | 100 (21) | 100 (20) | 99 (19) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin A1c(%) | 5.9 (0.7) | 5.8 (0.9) | 5.8 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.6) | 0.01 |
| Serum Cr (mg/dL) | 0.77 (0.11) | 0.78 (0.11) | 0.78 (0.11) | 0.78 (0.11) | 0.79 (0.10) | 0.80 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 85 (15) | 82 (15) | 81 (14) | 79 (14) | 78 (13) | 76 (12) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up data | |||||||
| Healthy lifestyle scores in 2009 (%) |
|||||||
| 0 | 33.6 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| 1 | 43.3 | 47.6 | 8.3 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | |
| 2 | 17.2 | 35.2 | 51.4 | 14.1 | 2.6 | 0.4 | |
| 3 | 6.0 | 11.2 | 31.5 | 56.1 | 20.1 | 5.9 | |
| 4 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 7.6 | 25.2 | 61.6 | 32.1 | |
| 5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 3.4 | 15.5 | 61.6 | |
| Incidence of proteinuria (%) | 6.7 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 3.1 | <0.001 |
Numbers are mean (standard deviation) or proportion. For triglycerides, median and the 25th and 75th percentile are shown.
BMI: body mass index, BP: blood pressure, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, Cr: creatinine, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate